Los Angeles Times
Sept 24 2004
The homecoming
Armenia’s mountains and monasteries put a visitor in touch with her
ancestral land.
By Aline Kazandjian, Special to The Times
One last flight of stone steps taunted me, the only obstacle between
me and the ruins of Kobayr, a 12th century church complex. What were
my medieval forefathers thinking, building churches atop soaring
mountain peaks? Were they trying to get as close as they could to
God, who rarely seemed to answer their prayers? Perhaps, for when I
got to the ruins and stood in front of the fading frescoes of Christ
and his disciples painted on the remaining half of the church’s dome,
it was like standing in heaven.
My husband, Harry, and I, joined by our friends Nora and husband
Thomas, and my sister Arda and her husband, Roland, were finally
realizing our long-held wish to visit Armenia together.
My roots run deep in Hayastan, as we call our country. In the late
19th century, my paternal grandparents fled Ottoman persecution in
what is today eastern Turkey (but was historically Armenian
territories); they settled in Egypt. In 1915, my maternal
grandparents escaped the Turkish massacres of Armenians and also
started their lives anew in Egypt.
At 15, I spent a month in summer camp in Armenia before returning to
Cairo, my birthplace. That trip left an indelible impression on me,
and my memories of the wild mountains of the Lori district in
northern Armenia were so vivid that I named my first daughter Lori. I
still live in Egypt and am part of the Armenian diaspora of 4
million.
“Oh, it has changed so much – you have to see it,” said friends who
visited Armenia after its 1991 independence from the Soviet Union.
The changes would be fascinating, I was sure, but I also wanted to
see the homeland I had known briefly in my youth.
Now, almost three decades after my first visit, I was back in Lori.
My memory had not deceived me. Mountains unfolded as far as the eye
could see. Goats grazed at the mouth of a cave on a crest a little
farther down the peak from where I was standing, and the Debed River
snaked its way through the valley toward Georgia, where it would pour
into the Black Sea.
>From where I stood, the view was serene, belying a history of
disasters both natural (a 1988 earthquake killed 25,000) and
man-made.
We flew into Yerevan, the capital, through Vienna. It was the best
connection we could find from Cairo, but it put us into the city at 5
in the morning. I was half asleep as we took a cab into the city, but
my first view of Mt. Ararat awakened my senses. The mountain is
sacred to Armenians, who believe that Noah’s Ark came to rest there.
Today it falls inside Turkish territory. Yet Ararat is so connected
to our identity that for the next few days I would sometimes turn to
look for it as if to reinforce the fact that I was finally in my
homeland.
Thomas, who had visited the country regularly since the early ’90s,
was our “head of mission” and had planned our 12-day stay with his
customary professional approach. He and Nora, who was our food and
entertainment expert, helped us rent an apartment in Yerevan, from
which we had a magnificent view of Mt. Ararat.
Cafe culture has changed Yerevan, a city that has grown rapidly to
about 1.2 million residents. Where once there were parks and
promenades, now there are bistros where patrons sit shoulder to
shoulder to socialize.
We enjoyed one balmy evening at Amrotz Restaurant, which has a
terrific view of Ararat. We ate khorovatz, or grilled lamb or pork,
and danced to the fast rhythms of Armenian music and drank Russian
vodka.
Another night, we sampled the Paplavok Jazz Café, which also has live
music. While we were checking out the boisterous crowd, to our
surprise we saw our cousins from the U.S. sitting a few tables away.
Yerevan’s arts scene also spills onto the streets, where you’ll find
numerous sculptures and artworks: the overpowering giant statue of
Mayr Hayastan (Mother Armenia) watching over Yerevan from atop a hill
in Victory Park; Botero’s cat at the foot of the Cascades area; and,
in metal, the fidgety figure of Garaballa the flower vendor on
Apovian Street.
Armenians make good use of metal and stone. Although the buildings of
the ’70s – from the Soviet era – are horrid matchboxes, the city’s
older buildings have a classic austerity. The more recent
architecture makes use of the indigenous duf, a pink-tinted stone,
which when playing off glass facades gives the city a contemporary
look.
Trips to the countryside
During the day we would head out of Yerevan to explore the
countryside. We hired a minivan with a driver, and by the end of our
stay we had explored much of Armenia’s estimated 11,490 square miles.
Although none of us would describe ourselves as devout Christians, we
spent most of our time in churches and monasteries, which gave us
better insight into our homeland and its 3 million people.
Armenia became the world’s first Christian nation in AD 301, of which
Armenians are immensely proud. To accommodate their ardent faith –
and perhaps to afford protection for towns and villages – they built
churches in seemingly every corner of this country that lies today at
the intersection of Turkey, Georgia, Azerbaijan and Iran.
Because of its position at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, Armenia
has been encircled, invaded and occupied by many hostile neighbors.
Romans, Byzantines, Persians and other regional powers all crossed
over Armenian lands. Some, like the Arabs in the 7th century, stayed,
occupying the land for almost three centuries.
In the early 1500s, the Ottoman Turks took over much of historical
Armenia, most of which lies today within Turkey’s borders, and the
Soviets controlled the country for more than 70 years. In the years
since 1991, Armenia and Azerbaijan have fought each other, and
thousands have been killed on both sides.
Just as our ancestors were motivated to build churches in strategic
locations, we too had our reasons for placing them so prominently on
our itinerary: We would touch a powerful part of Armenia’s past while
enjoying the natural beauty of the countryside, its towns and
villages.
Of the country’s estimated 40,000 religious monuments, most have a
unique architectural feature or an interesting story about Armenia’s
history and its intertwining threads of faith and politics.
In the south, for instance, we braved the poor roads (or our driver
did) and tortuous mountain paths of the Syunik region to reach the
9th century Tatev monastery and fortress perched on a cliff above the
town of Tatev, about 170 miles from Yerevan.
>From a distance, we could see the church’s typically conical dome
bearing the cross, and beneath it a waterfall plunging down the
canyon. The internal walls of its principal church, Pogos and Petros,
or Paul and Peter, were decorated with frescoes that recently had
been partially restored. Khachkars – rectangular slabs of stone
carved with intricate crosses – adorn the church’s outer walls and
the compound yard. At the monastery’s zenith, from the 10th to the
13th centuries, as many as 1,000 monks lived and studied here.
One of the monastery chambers has an immense arched opening that
overlooks the canyon. In typical multipurpose fashion, Tatev was used
as a fortress to ward off invading armies and as a religious center
that nourished the Christian faith and propagated and enriched
Armenian culture. The monks created miniature manuscripts, now kept
in Yerevan’s Madenataran museum, which document their studies in
history, language, science and arts, part of the effort to keep their
Armenian identity alive.
Monastic complexes
Another day we visited the 10th century monastic complexes of Sanahin
and Haghpad, built around the town of Alaverdi, about 110 miles north
of Yerevan. Each has numerous buildings, asymmetrically arranged, and
their main churches are of the cross-winged dome type prevalent in
Armenian religious architecture.
The two sites have three-story bell towers crowned with columned
belfries. In the library floors of each were underground caches for
hiding treasures or important documents. Islamic and Zoroastrian (an
ancient Persian religion) symbols decorate the walls at Haghpad and
Sanahin, perhaps to appease – or confuse – the enemies.
Cherished poet Sayat Nova, whose romantic 18th century songs are
still part of Armenia’s musical lexicon, worked in a monastic cell in
Haghpad, looking out from the high plateau to spectacular views of
mountains and valleys, clearly an inspiration.
The most inspiring view we found was from the Khor Virab Monastery,
34 miles west of Yerevan on the Turkish-Armenian frontier. This is
where the Armenians’ patron saint, Gregory the Illuminator, was
imprisoned 1,700 years ago by King Trdat III (or Tiridates) for
preaching Christianity. He was released 13 years later after
converting the king, who proclaimed Christianity as Armenia’s state
religion. The claustrophobic pit in which Gregory was held captive is
accessible by ladder.
It was a crystal-clear day, and Mt. Ararat spread across the horizon.
“We shall go up there one day, yes?” Hovsep, our minivan driver,
asked as we contemplated the mountain.
Maybe, I thought. But even if we don’t, Ararat is with us as a symbol
of Armenian struggle. We reach that summit, figuratively speaking,
just by having survived 3,000 years.
A live band in back
One of the tools of our survival was music and song. As we were on
our way to Keghart Monastery, 30 miles east of Yerevan, three street
musicians hitched a ride with us. As soon as the musicians settled in
the back seat, they began playing Armenian love songs and singing
loudly.
Nora laughed uproariously. “I had heard of taking along a radio or a
CD player, but driving about with a live band? This can only happen
in Armenia!” she said.
We dropped them off at a picnic area where they would perform for
visitors in return for a few coins.
Keghart Monastery is a stunning complex of buildings founded in the
4th century by Gregory the Illuminator and expanded in the 12th
century. According to legend, the spear that pierced Christ was
brought here, although it has long since disappeared.
Portions of the numerous inter- connected churches are carved into
rock on the side of the mountain. The acoustics inside one hall are
such that a single person humming, which Thomas demonstrated for us,
sounds like a chorus.
But to hear a truly heavenly sound, listen to the songs of the
Armenian liturgy. In ancient times the use of elaborate imagery was
prohibited in the church. Some say the songs of the Armenian liturgy,
as if to compensate, are sophisticated compared with other Orthodox
faiths. On Sunday we attended Mass at Echmiadzin, the Mother See of
the Armenian Apostolic Church. His Holiness Karekin II, Supreme
Patriarch and Catholicos of All Armenians, was there, as he often is.
A picnic and wildflowers
We didn’t spend all our time indoors or among the ruins. One day we
picnicked on the slopes of Mt. Aragats, about 30 miles northwest of
Yerevan. Seas of lavender, yellow and white wildflowers lie in the
shadow of the ruins of the 11th century Amberd fortress, which hovers
majestically on the edge of the valley.
We also included a stop at Lake Sevan, whose turquoise waters and
sandy beaches make you forget, if only for a time, that Armenia is a
landlocked country.
There was one last place we had to visit before we left Armenia:
Tsitsernakaberd, the memorial in Yerevan built in honor of the
hundreds of thousands – Armenians say as many as 1.5 million – killed
by Turks starting in 1915.
Through the openings between the stone slabs that rise around the
eternal flame burning at the center of the memorial, I could see
Ararat’s snowcapped peak. An old woman aided by her daughter
approached the flame, and I wondered who she was thinking of.
My thoughts returned to the mountains, to a miraculous homeland that
has changed borders, flags, capitals – it even vanished as a
political entity for 500 years – yet has not perished. It endures,
and it gives me strength. I know I will be back.
*
(BEGIN TEXT OF INFOBOX)
Touring Armenia
GETTING THERE:
>From LAX, connecting service (change of plane) is offered on
Aeroflot, Air France, Virgin Atlantic, British, United, American, KLM
and Air New Zealand. Restricted round-trip fares begin at $999 until
Oct. 13, then $800 until Dec. 11.
TELEPHONES:
To call the numbers below from the U.S., dial 011 (the international
dialing code), 374 (country code for Armenia) and the local number.
WHERE TO STAY:
Marriott Armenia Hotel, Republic Square, Yerevan; 1-599-000, fax
1-599-001, . Doubles from $139.
Congress Hotel, 1 Italia St., Yerevan; 1-580-095, fax 1-522-224;
. 126 rooms. Doubles from $108.
Ani Plaza Hotel, 19 Sayat-Nova Ave., Yerevan; 1-589-500, fax
1-565-343, . 194 rooms. Doubles from $102.
WHERE TO EAT:
Mer Tagh, 21/1 Tumanian St., Yerevan; 1-580-106. Its specialty is
lahmajun, a thin pastry topped with minced meat and baked in the
oven; 80 cents each. Khachabouri, a Georgian puff pastry with cheese
or meat, is $1.50 each.
Aragast/Paplavok, 41 Isahakian St., Yerevan; 1-545-500. These two
restaurants overlook a pond and serve Armenian and Western dishes,
but go there for the music not the food. The first features a
violinist and the second is renowned for its live jazz. Entrees
around $5.
TO LEARN MORE:
Guidebook: “Edge of Time: Traveling in Armenia and Karabagh.” Authors
Matthew Karanian and Robert Kurkjian offer useful information on
traveling by car around Armenia and Karabagh.
Useful websites: and
.
Embassy of the Republic of Armenia, (202) 319-1976,
.
– Aline Kazandjian