‘Economic Viability of Our City Warrants More Vigilance’
By PRANAY GUPTE, Special to the Sun
The New York Sun
February 14, 2005 Monday
Taking lunch with Robert M. Morgenthau, the most powerful prosecutor in
America, the reporter is immediately conscious of the fact that he’s
a living legend – and has been so since he became Manhattan district
attorney 30 years ago. Other famous people in this Midtown restaurant
discreetly stare. Some come up to shake his hand. Others wave at him,
and he waves back. Still others avert their eyes.
But when a reporter asks what it feels like to be a living legend –
he’s the second-longest serving district attorney in American history
(one of his predecessors, Frank Hogan, was Manhattan DA for 32 years);
he’s had cumulatively the longest prosecutorial tenure in any country;
he’s been the scourge of international money-launderers, murderers,
and Wall Street fraudsters – Mr. Morgenthau doesn’t seem particularly
inclined to respond to the question.
It was a natural question to ask. It’s not just his record as district
attorney that’s the stuff of legends. Mr. Morgenthau was a celebrated
U.S. Attorney for the Southern District for several years before he
became district attorney, having prosecuted the socialite lawyer Roy
Cohn and also having created the country’s first securities fraud
bureau. If New York corporations are more vigilant today with regard
to their books, and if their CEOs are less inclined to raid their
treasuries, and if shareholder interests are better served, it’s
substantially because of the tough standards of vigilance and scrutiny
that Mr. Morgenthau has brought to the financial community – and to
the severe penalties he’s sought for white-collar criminals. Just last
week, for example, Arab Bank closed down its Madison Avenue branch
after the district attorney’s office found a damning trail of money
from its premises to terrorist organizations in the Middle East.
So the reporter asked again: “Well, do you ever think of yourself as
a living legend?”
“Living legend?” Mr. Morgenthau said in his dulcet voice, chuckling
ever so slightly as he carefully worked his way through a salad and
scallops at lunch, as though he was somewhat amused by the question.
“Those aren’t my words. I would never use those words.”
Of course he wouldn’t. He’s a remarkably modest man, almost painfully
reluctant to talk about his accomplishments. His work has been
validated not only by a lengthy string of convictions obtained over
five decades in public office, it has been honored by awards and
memorabilia that fill his office, spill over into his Upper East Side
home, and occupy yards of shelves and walls in the homes of some of
his seven children.
The reporter persisted. “But a lot of people look up to you as a role
model,” he ventured, also noting that many movies, and the long running
“Law and Order” franchise on television, have featured characters
clearly based on Mr. Morgenthau.
“Role model?” Mr. Morgenthau said. “Well, I leave that to others to
decide, too.”
That verdict, in fact, has long been in. He has inspired and
encouraged at least two generations of lawyers and prosecutors,
including New York State Attorney General Eliot Spitzer, who was part
of Mr. Morgenthau’s rackets bureau. Former mayor Rudolf Giuliani, who
was U.S. attorney for the Southern District, is another figure who
acknowledges the Morgenthau influence on his prosecutorial pathway.
Four other U.S. Attorneys also served under Mr. Morgenthau, as
did eight federal judges in the Southern District and 30 current
criminal-court judges. The late John F. Kennedy Jr. worked for him.
If a man’s lifework is to be assessed by how he shaped the careers and
professional sensibilities of those who served under him, then it’s
certainly no hyperbole to say that Mr. Morgenthau is a living legend.
His downtown office, at One Hogan Place, is legendary, too. With
502 lawyers, it is the one of the busiest district attorney offices
in America, handling more than 110,000 cases each year. When Mr.
Morgenthau first became district attorney – after defeating Richard
Kuh, who’d been appointed by then Governor Malcolm Wilson when Frank
Hogan died in 1974 – Manhattan was No. 1 in murders in New York’s
five boroughs. Each year, nearly 700 murders occurred in Manhattan,
or almost 40% of the city’s total. Last year, that figure was down
to 91, representing just 16% of the city’s murders annually.
Mr. Morgenthau is quick to share that success with the city’s Police
Department and to the men and women he calls “indefatigable enforcers
of the law.” He’s always liked cops, even though his office has put
some 100 corrupt ones behind bars. Cops have liked him, too, not the
least because of his intense involvement with the Police Athletic
League, which organizes educational and sports programs for more
than 70,000 minority-group youths and other boys and girls – ages
5 to 18 – from the less privileged of New York’s neighborhoods. He
became president of the PAL in 1962 and held that office until 10
years ago, when he was elevated to chairman. Rare is the PAL event
or NYPD ceremony where Mr. Morgenthau isn’t present.
Rare is the occasion, too, when he doesn’t attend the games of the
baseball league that the Manhattan district attorney’s office has put
together. Mr. Morgenthau, a spry, wiry man who could be easily taken
for a man decades younger, is especially attentive to the importance
of physical fitness: when he talks to young people about looking after
themselves, he’s alluding to his own daily regimen of an hour on the
treadmill, of lifting weights, and watching his diet.
On a different plane, rare, too, is the occasion when Mr. Morgenthau
doesn’t speak out forcefully about two social issues – among others
– that he deeply cares about: the hiring of women and minorities,
and tackling domestic violence.
‘When I became district attorney, the office had 10 minority assistant
district attorneys, and 19 women ADAs,” he said. “Now we have 110
minority-group ADAs, and 244 women ADAs.”
Indeed, half of the lawyers who work with Mr. Morgenthau are women – by
far the best percentile representation of women in any law-enforcement
agency in America. Nearly 50 lawyers attend exclusively to domestic
violence and spousal-abuse cases. Mr. Morgenthau may be a man of
extraordinary social tolerance, but he will not condone domestic
violence. “Women, and all those who find themselves vulnerable in
domestic situations, must feel that they are protected at all times,”
he said.
But how much of his hiring and the emphasis on issues such as domestic
violence and women’s rights is a result of social activism on his part,
the reporter wanted to know, how much of it flowed from a desire to
be politically correct?
“Our hiring is done by a committee of 30,” Mr. Morgenthau replied.
“We hire strictly on merit. We don’t vet people for their social
beliefs. We hire people to uphold the laws that are on the books.”
That means, above all, that he wants people to be committed to public
service. It means that he wants them to work long hours. It means
that he wants people who display humility, not arrogance. “I want my
staff members to never abuse the power and authority that come from
being a prosecutor,” Mr. Morgenthau said. “I give all ADAs heavy
responsibility early on.”
“Unlike in a law firm, where you have to slog for years before you
become a partner, in my office everyone’s a partner from the day he
or she is hired,” Mr. Morgenthau said. His own rise after World War
II from an associate to partner at Patterson, Belknap & Webb took
only six years.
Of course, that doesn’t mean that there isn’t a seniority system in the
Manhattan district attorney’s office. Nor does it mean that different
units within the office aren’t competitive with one another. Indeed,
some staff members have even been known to shout at each other over
the question of grabbing big cases. (Top prosecutors in his office
get about $90,000 a year, far less than starting associates fresh
out of law school, who many big law firms hire at $150,000 annually;
starting lawyers in the DA’s office get $48,000 a year.)
But Mr. Morgenthau’s emollient personality – and his status – doesn’t
invite anyone to shout at him. And unlike several top prosecutors
around America, he’s not one to grab major cases from his subordinates.
“I’m not one for grandstanding,” he told The New York Sun. “I don’t do
showboating. I pick good people, I give them lots of responsibility,
and I don’t take away the big cases from them.”
“I believe in mentoring,” Mr. Morgenthau added. “I believe in sharing
my experience with young people.”
That belief surely stems from the fact that he himself benefited from
wisdom and guidance of mentors early in his professional life. One
major mentor was Robert Porter Patterson, a legendary figure in legal
and government circles. “He was an absolute straight arrow,” Mr.
Morgenthau said of him. “But if he liked you, you couldn’t do
anything wrong. Because of his own tenure in government, he left
an extraordinary impression on me about the importance of public
service. It’s an impression that I always relay to the young people who
I hire. It’s important for older lawyers to take interest in developing
the careers of younger lawyers. I’ve always tried to do that.”
Mr. Morgenthau’s professional relationship with Mr. Patterson –
who also served as U.S. secretary of war, as a judge on the Second
Circuit Court of Appeals, and as the president of the Council on
Foreign Relations, and of Freedom House – was such that the older
lawyer would take Mr. Morgenthau on virtually every business trip
around the country. On January 22, 1952, Mr. Patterson went on a trip
to Buffalo, but Mr. Morgenthau begged off because he was preparing
a brief for a Supreme Court case. That evening, the plane that Mr.
Patterson had
boarded to take him back to New York, crashed in a driving snow storm
in Elizabeth, N.J. Mr. Morgenthau almost surely would have been among
the fatalities.
It wasn’t the first time that he escaped an encounter with death.
During World War II,when he was the 23-year-old executive officer
of the USS Lansdale, a Nazi torpedo sank his ship. He drifted in the
Mediterranean on a lifebelt for four hours off the shores of Algeria
before he was rescued. “I didn’t have much of a bargaining chip, but
I made a deal with the Almighty in those hours – the deal was that
if I survived my ordeal, I’d give something back to society,” Mr.
Morgenthau said. “Everything that I’ve done in life since has been
a payback.”
Some months later, he got an opportunity to renew that deal. Serving
aboard the USS Harry F. Bauer just north of Okinawa in the Pacific,
the American fleet was attacked by 1,900 Japanese kamikaze planes.
Some 700 of those planes met their targets; Mr. Morgenthau’s ship,
which was the target of seven separate attacks, was hit by a torpedo
and a 500-pound bomb, neither of which detonated. He recalled that the
day of one of the Japanese attacks, May 11, 1945, was the birthday of
his father, Henry Morgenthau Jr., President Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s
secretary of war.
“I didn’t want to get killed on my father’s birthday,” he said. He
wound up shooting down 17 Japanese planes. For his bravery in action,
he and his fellow sailors were awarded the Presidential Unit Citation.
“Of all the awards that I’ve received in life, I’m proudest of this
one,” Mr. Morgenthau said, quietly. “I really am. Those aboard my
ship were incredibly brave. You learn very quickly what teamwork
is all about, how important it is in life to support the people you
work with.”
That support manifests itself in the manner in which Mr. Morgenthau
ensures that his staff is insulated from the political pressures that
inevitably come from the Establishment.
“I never tell my assistants about the political calls I get,” Mr.
Morgenthau said. “They must always feel free to do what is right
in the cases that they handle. I believe in approaching every case
without fear or favor, and my staff members share that thinking.”
When those political calls come – usually to ask for deferring or
delaying an investigation – Mr. Morgenthau’s typical response, as he
put it, is: “I ask my assistants to expedite the case. By now people
know better than to try and muscle me.”
His response to unseemly political pressures from important members
of New York’s Establishment has, in fact, resulted in a long parade of
prominent indictments and convictions, including those of state Senator
Guy Velella. A powerful Bronx Republican, Mr. Velella pleaded guilty
to a felony – which involved influencing state agencies – lost his
law license, and was sent to prison. He also resigned from the New
York State Legislature. Mr. Morgenthau has been equally unyielding
about prosecuting errant Democrats, including the majority whip
of the state Assembly, Gloria Davis of the Bronx, and the former
chairman of the Bronx Democratic county committee, Richard Gidron,
who was indicted for evading more than $2 million in sales taxes
(and who wound up paying the money).
But being an elected official – Mr. Morgenthau is up for re-election
in November – who must depend on political fund-raising, isn’t it
hard to resist political pressures?
“It gets easier each year,” the district attorney said. “You have
fewer pressures put on you to grant favors. People know I don’t
grant favors.”
Have there ever been physical threats against him? Has anyone every
tried to bribe him?
“Never,” Mr. Morgenthau said. “Not once. And I don’t worry about these
things either. I don’t get paid to worry.”(His salary is $150,000
a year.)
Some have suggested that Mr. Morgenthau’s indifference to political
pressures as well as physical threats that a high-octane prosecutor
might attract flows from his remarkable family history. His
father, Henry Morgenthau Jr., not only served in FDR’s Cabinet with
distinction, he was also the president’s confidant. His grandfather,
Henry Morgenthau, was President Woodrow Wilson’s ambassador to Turkey,
the creator of Israel bonds and a founder of the United Jewish
Appeal. As chairman of the Greek Resettlement Commision, which had
been set up by the League of Nations, Ambassador Morgenthau helped
stop the genocide of the Armenian people. Streets in Greece – in
Salonika, Piraeus and other places – have been named after Ambassador
Morgenthau, who remains a much revered figure in the worldwide Armenian
and Greek communities.
“I was extremely close to both my father and grandfather,” Mr.
Morgenthau said. “They were certainly role models. But I also realized
early in life that I didn’t want to ride on my father’s back all my
life. I had the need to establish my own independent identity.”
That need propelled him through Amherst College and Yale Law School.
It drove him through the ranks of Patterson, Belknap & Webb. It fetched
him an appointment by President John F. Kennedy as U.S. attorney for
the Southern District. It has driven him to participate in humanitarian
activities ranging from the chairman of the Museum of Jewish Heritage –
A Living Memorial to the Holocaust to being a trustee of Smith College.
The influence of his father and grandfather, above all, has meant
a continuing emphasis by Mr. Morgenthau on probity in public and
corporate life.
“New York City has a special obligation to be an exemplar,” the
district attorney said. “We are the financial capital of the world.
We want our citizens – and the world’s citizens who come here – to feel
safe, to feel that they don’t get caught up in corrupt transactions.”
But doesn’t his emphasis on prosecuting crimes in the financial and
corporate communities dampen enthusiasm for doing business in New York?
“It’s important to pursue these cases because corporate – and political
– behavior has an impact on the cost of living in the city, and on the
cost of doing business,” Mr. Morgenthau said. “As financial pressures
mount for companies and CEOs to perform, too many tend to look the
other way when improper things are going on.
“My concern is for the economic viability of the city. Some 79% of New
York’s payroll jobs are in Manhattan. If companies and individuals
don’t pay sales and other taxes, then somebody else – usually the
common citizen – winds up making up for the slack. My office has
brought in $125 million in uncollected sales tax revenues for New
York. I also like to think that my office has made a positive impact
on generating better corporate governance.”
His office has also had setbacks in some high profile cases. The
much-publicized moves against Tyco’s Dennis Kozlowski and Mark Swartz
ended in mistrial, when one juror held out on a guilt verdict. Tyco
counsel Mark Belnick was recently acquitted on all counts.
He’s surely upset by such setbacks, the reporter asked?
“I never look back,” Mr. Morgenthau said. “I’m an incorrigible
optimist. You’re always going to win some and lose some. – there’s
always that risk. Even Ted Williams had a batting average of .406.
That meant 60% of the time he wouldn’t even get to first base. I
always do the best that I can, I always want to be satisfied that
my office has put in its best efforts. Then let the chips fall where
they may. Judges can make mistakes, too. But I’m a firm believer in
the jury system. I believe that there’s no place like America.”
That is why he’s especially concerned about the country’s – and city’s
– security. As he seeks another four-year term, Mr. Morgenthau says
he will stress anti-terrorism measures even more, developing stronger
ties with the Police Department, and accelerating cooperation with
federal and state authorities.
“We will devote more resources to interrupting the money going to
Middle East terrorist organizations,” he said, recalling earlier
successful campaigns against Arab Bank, Hudson United Bank – which
paid $5 million in fines – and others.
Then there will be greater emphasis on the use of DNA to solve crimes
and also in cases where such evidence can exonerate those wrongfully
convicted. “I believe in total fairness,” Mr. Morgenthau said. “That
also happens to be the basis of American jurisprudence.”
There will be closer scrutiny of alleged wrongdoing in the financial
community, and there will be careful examination of how persons in
positions of public trust conduct their affairs.
“It’s always got to be a level playing field,” Mr. Morgenthau said.
“Everybody’s got to play fair, everybody’s got to pay their taxes
– and everyone from the bodega to the hallowed corridors of money
need to be treated the same in the eyes of the law. I want people
to have confidence in their government, and in their law-enforcement
apparatus.”
As much as anything Mr. Morgenthau said, this last bit seemed to
capture his ethos. But there remained an important question to
ask him: He’s being challenged this year by Leslie Crocker Snyder,
a 62-year-old former judge, prosecutor, and television commentator.
Implicit in her challenge is the question of the district attorney’s
age – whether he is physically fit for the rigors of the job.
But the reporter got his answer without even having to ask the
question.
It happened this way: Mr. Morgenthau offered to drop him at his
office, which isn’t very far from the district attorney’s downtown
headquarters. On the way to Mr. Morgenthau’s car, which was parked
near the restaurant, the prosecutor walked so briskly that it was the
reporter – admittedly portly but considerably younger than his guest –
and not Robert Morgenthau, who was left short of breath.