FORUM 18 NEWS SERVICE, Oslo, Norway
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.forum18.org/__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!qds6hCYJfEXxXUXOxiaXgG9-i9f2LLnpe3F2jQW_WmJOcO4nqQfspCBoMPgQBPkc10-nYTaApReWZXvx07mEjh0eelh9$
 

The right to believe, to worship and witness
The right to change one's belief or religion
The right to join together and express one's belief

=================================================

Tuesday 
AZERBAIJAN: Will State Committee return religious books seized in 2007?

Shukran Mammadov is still waiting for the State Committee for Work with
Religious Organisations to return books by Muslim theologian Said Nursi
seized in a police raid in 2007. The European Court of Human Rights ruled
in his favour in 2020, and on 1 March 2023 Baku Appeal Court ordered the
books to be returned. "The government should have ensured that Shukran's
property was returned, but few European Court of Human Rights decisions are
fully carried out," Mammadov's lawyer Asabali Mustafayev told Forum 18.

AZERBAIJAN: Will State Committee return religious books seized in 2007?
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=2847__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!qds6hCYJfEXxXUXOxiaXgG9-i9f2LLnpe3F2jQW_WmJOcO4nqQfspCBoMPgQBPkc10-nYTaApReWZXvx07mEjlPy5FVq$
 
By Felix Corley, Forum 18

Following a 2020 decision by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), a
Baku court has ruled that the State Committee for Work with Religious
Organisations must return religious books seized from Shukran Mammadov.
Police seized the books – by the late Turkish Muslim theologian –
during a raid in 2007, and Mammadov was also fined for hosting a religious
meeting. The books were then handed to the State Committee.

The ECtHR stated in its December 2020 decision that "the interference with
the applicant's possessions could not be considered lawful" (see below).

Despite the ECtHR decision that seizing his books had violated his rights,
Mammadov had to go to Azerbaijan's Supreme Court to overturn an earlier
refusal to return the books. He then had to go to Baku Appeal Court, which
on 1 March 2023 ordered the State Committee to return them. As of 18 July,
Mammadov has still not received back his books (see below).

The State Committee failed to respond to Forum 18's question as to when it
intends to return Mammadov's books (see below).

"The government should have ensured that Shukran's property was returned,
but few European Court of Human Rights decisions are fully carried out,"
Mammadov's lawyer Asabali Mustafayev told Forum 18. "So on our advice
Shukran appealed to the court here. Now he has the decision and it has been
sent to be implemented" (see below).

In a Jehovah's Witness religious literature censorship case, the regime
claimed to the Council of Europe in July 2022 that "the practice of
imposing restrictions on religious literature has become outdated for a
while in Azerbaijan". However, the state censorship of all religious
literature produced in, distributed in and imported into Azerbaijan remains
unchanged (see below).

Elshad Miri, a Muslim theologian who is challenging a State Committee ban
on one of his books at the ECtHR, says the religious literature censorship
system is still in force. "Nothing has changed in the system," he told
Forum 18. "This needs to change – it is not just" (see below).

Eldar Zeynalov of the Human Rights Centre of Azerbaijan agrees. "According
to ordinary human logic, if there are some state structures that are
responsible for recognising a religious text as 'extremist' and for issuing
'relevant permission' for the production and distribution of religious
literature, then this means the presence of 'religious censorship', even if
the office of this organisation does not have a sign with that name," he
told Forum 18 (see below).

Forum 18 asked Chingiz Asgarov, the government agent to the ECtHR who made
this claim to the Council of Europe, why he is claiming this given that the
censorship system remains unchanged. Forum 18 reminded him of Article 22 of
the Religion Law, which sets out this state censorship. Forum 18 received
no immediate response (see below).

Complete religious literature censorship

Under Article 22 of the Religion Law, all religious literature produced in,
published in (including on the internet) or imported into Azerbaijan is
subject to prior compulsory censorship
(https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=2429__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!qds6hCYJfEXxXUXOxiaXgG9-i9f2LLnpe3F2jQW_WmJOcO4nqQfspCBoMPgQBPkc10-nYTaApReWZXvx07mEjtTAzSWT$
 ). If the State
Committee for Work with Religious Organisations "Religious Expert Analysis
[Censorship] Department" gives permission to publish or import a work, it
also specifies how many copies can be produced or imported.

The Department – which is headed by Nahid Mammadov – employs 8
officials, according to the State Committee website. Officials at the
Department told Forum 18 on 17 July that Mammadov was not in the office.
They said they were unable to explain why religious books and materials are
subject to censorship, or what the 8 officials do.

Publications which have gained State Committee approval indicate this. For
example, a Catholic prayer book in Azeri published in 2023 includes a note:
"This book was published with the permission of the State Committee for
Work with Religious Organisations of the Republic of Azerbaijan (Letter
DK-1929/F)." (DK is the Azeri abbreviation of State Committee.)

All religious materials sold must have a sticker (each costing 0.02 Manats)
from the State Committee stating that they have its approval for
distribution.

As of 18 July, the State Committee website lists 44 shops which it allows
to sell religious literature and materials.

Criminal Code Article 167-2 punishes "Production, sale and distribution of
religious literature (paper and electronic formats), audio and video
materials, religious items and other informational materials of religious
nature with the aim of import, sale and distribution without appropriate
authorisation".

The State Committee regularly announces – without details – how many
publications it has approved and not approved. It said it rejected the
import of 52 books in 2020, the publication of 16 in 2021 and the
publication of 8 and the import of 107 in 2022, claiming that they promoted
"religious intolerance". However, it publishes no list of publications it
has not approved.

State officials have repeatedly denied that this is censorship.

Elshad Miri, a Baku-based Muslim theologian who is challenging a State
Committee ban on one of his books at the European Court of Human Rights
(ECtHR) in Strasbourg (see below), says the religious literature censorship
system is still in force. "Nothing has changed in the system," he told
Forum 18 on 18 July. "This needs to change – it is not just."

Miri said that since the State Committee ban, it has given permission for
him to publish two more books. "I wrote to the State Committee and asked to
produce 1,000 copies," he said. "They then write back giving the number
that they allow to be published. They warn that if you want to publish
further copies, you need to come back to them again for permission."

Miri said that on going to a printer with the religious book, "the first
thing they ask for is the permission letter from the State Committee". The
book has to include a statement that the book has permission from the State
Committee with the reference number of the approval.

European Court of Human Rights decision, but no return of religious books

Following a 2020 decision by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in
Strasbourg, a Baku court has ruled that the State Committee must return
religious books seized from Shukran Mammadov in 2007.

Mammadov had legally bought the more than 100 books – from Muslim
theologian Said Nursi's "Risale-i Nur" [Messages of Light] collection –
in a bookshop in Baku. Police seized the books in a raid on a religious
meeting in his home in Ujar in July 2007 (for which he was also fined) and
handed them to the State Committee for censorship. The State Committee has
given varying opinions of Nursi's works
(https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=1964__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!qds6hCYJfEXxXUXOxiaXgG9-i9f2LLnpe3F2jQW_WmJOcO4nqQfspCBoMPgQBPkc10-nYTaApReWZXvx07mEjhanO_Ea$
 ) over the years, at
times banning them and others declaring that individuals can import limited
quantities.

In December 2020, the ECtHR found that the regime had violated Mammadov's
rights 
(https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=2647__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!qds6hCYJfEXxXUXOxiaXgG9-i9f2LLnpe3F2jQW_WmJOcO4nqQfspCBoMPgQBPkc10-nYTaApReWZXvx07mEjjPB5Ae_$
 ) (Application
No. 7308/12 
(https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-206272__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!qds6hCYJfEXxXUXOxiaXgG9-i9f2LLnpe3F2jQW_WmJOcO4nqQfspCBoMPgQBPkc10-nYTaApReWZXvx07mEjhVkDXZR$
 )) and ordered that
the government pay him compensation. The government has paid the
compensation, but Mammadov was unable to get back the religious books
seized from him.

Shukran Mammadov had earlier unsuccessfully brought legal challenges to
recover his books 
(https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=1522__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!qds6hCYJfEXxXUXOxiaXgG9-i9f2LLnpe3F2jQW_WmJOcO4nqQfspCBoMPgQBPkc10-nYTaApReWZXvx07mEjjArHOUk$
 ),
but ultimately lost his case at the Supreme Court in August 2011. He
revived his attempt to get them back after the ECtHR judgment in December
2020 
(https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=2647__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!qds6hCYJfEXxXUXOxiaXgG9-i9f2LLnpe3F2jQW_WmJOcO4nqQfspCBoMPgQBPkc10-nYTaApReWZXvx07mEjjPB5Ae_$
 ).

On 26 November 2021, Asabali Mustafayev wrote on Mammadov's behalf
(https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://hudoc.exec.coe.int/ENG?i=DH-DD(2022)12E__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!qds6hCYJfEXxXUXOxiaXgG9-i9f2LLnpe3F2jQW_WmJOcO4nqQfspCBoMPgQBPkc10-nYTaApReWZXvx07mEjgb_-Txo$
 ) to the Committee of
Ministers of the Council of Europe (which oversees the implementation of
ECtHR decisions). He noted that although the regime had paid the
compensation awarded to Mammadov because of the violation of his rights,
"it has not returned the applicant's possession (religious books)". He
pointed out that the ECtHR had stated in its decision that "the
interference with the applicant's possessions could not be considered
lawful".

Mustafayev noted that Mammadov had repeatedly written to the government's
representative Chingiz Asgarov and the Justice Ministry requesting the
books' return, but "to no avail". The failure to return them meant that the
regime "continues to violate his rights". 

"Shukran clearly did not have these books for distribution, as there was
only one copy of each title," Mustafayev told Forum 18 from Baku on 11 July
2023. "He bought them legally when they were openly on sale in Baku. The
State Committee later banned their mass distribution without any basis. So
their confiscation was illegal."

Following the December 2020 ECtHR decision, and given the failure to hand
back his books, Mammadov brought a suit against the State Committee to the
Plenum of the Supreme Court. He sought to overturn the Supreme Court's
rejection of his suit handed down in 2011.

On 30 September 2022, the Plenum of the Supreme Court ruled that earlier
court decisions rejecting the return of the books had been incorrect and
returned Mammadov's case to Baku Appeal Court.

On 1 March 2023, a panel of three judges at Baku Appeal Court, chaired by
Judge Farrukh Qasimov, approved the return of his books. The court "agrees
with the evidence of the plaintiff's appeal and notes that the confiscation
of books belonging to the plaintiff was illegal, and the plaintiff was
entitled to claim back his property illegally held by the defendant [State
Committee]", the decision, seen by Forum 18, declares. The court therefore
annulled the 2010 court decision against Mammadov.

The State Committee did not appeal against the court decision that the
books must be returned, Mammadov's lawyer Mustafayev told Forum 18 on 11
July. "Implementation of this decision is now taking place." It remains
unclear when bailiffs will enforce the decision and return Mammadov's books
to him. Mammadov had not received them back as of 18 July.

Forum 18 asked the press secretary at the State Committee, Yagut Aliyeva,
in writing on 12 July when it intends to return Mammadov's books. It
received no reply by the end of the working day in Baku of 18 July.

"The government should have ensured that Shukran's property was returned,
but few European Court of Human Rights decisions are fully carried out,"
Mustafayev told Forum 18. "So on our advice Shukran appealed to the court
here. Now he has the decision and it has been sent to be implemented."

"Unilateral declarations", "friendly settlements", and failure to change
law and practice

Victims of human rights violations and human rights defenders have
complained that, although the regime pays the compensation ordered by the
European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), it does not change law and
practices to prevent repeat violations. Thus many cases – such as over
punishments for conscientious objectors or religious literature censorship
– cover human rights violations that the Court has already ruled on in
similar cases.

Jehovah's Witness Seymur Mammadov is considering lodging a case to the
ECtHR 
(https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=2846__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!qds6hCYJfEXxXUXOxiaXgG9-i9f2LLnpe3F2jQW_WmJOcO4nqQfspCBoMPgQBPkc10-nYTaApReWZXvx07mEjhMuArvZ$
 ) over his
conviction and punishment for refusing compulsory military service on
grounds of conscience. The ECtHR has already ruled in favour of seven
conscientious objectors but the regime has failed to introduce an
alternative service for those who cannot perform military service on
grounds of conscience.

"The Court pointed out that such a situation in principle calls for
legislative action by the respondent State in order to fulfil its
obligations to enable the applicants and other persons in the same
situation to benefit from the right to conscientious objection", a
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=2846Council__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!qds6hCYJfEXxXUXOxiaXgG9-i9f2LLnpe3F2jQW_WmJOcO4nqQfspCBoMPgQBPkc10-nYTaApReWZXvx07mEjtAieYVx$
  of Europe report
noted of the cases of five of the conscientious objectors.

In recent years the regime has tried to close cases of freedom of religion
or belief violations at the ECtHR
(https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=2795__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!qds6hCYJfEXxXUXOxiaXgG9-i9f2LLnpe3F2jQW_WmJOcO4nqQfspCBoMPgQBPkc10-nYTaApReWZXvx07mEjqlAeNg3$
 ) by admitting
violations and offering compensation in a "unilateral declaration" or by
offering compensation in a "friendly settlement".

In October 2022, the ECtHR closed two cases over import bans of Jehovah's
Witness literature 
(https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=2647__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!qds6hCYJfEXxXUXOxiaXgG9-i9f2LLnpe3F2jQW_WmJOcO4nqQfspCBoMPgQBPkc10-nYTaApReWZXvx07mEjjPB5Ae_$
 )
after the regime offered a "unilateral declaration" which included its
"acknowledgement of the fact that there was a violation of the applicants'
rights guaranteed under the Convention". The regime offered compensation to
Baku's Jehovah's Witness community, but not to the individual applicants
who had also been part of the cases to the ECtHR.

"It is easier a couple of times a year to buy off those few complainants
who manage to get to the European Court than to change the well-established
system that suits the authorities," Eldar Zeynalov of the Human Rights
Centre of Azerbaijan told Forum 18 from Baku in March 2021
(https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=2647__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!qds6hCYJfEXxXUXOxiaXgG9-i9f2LLnpe3F2jQW_WmJOcO4nqQfspCBoMPgQBPkc10-nYTaApReWZXvx07mEjjPB5Ae_$
 ). "And if it is
possible to do this without bringing the essence of the problem to public
consideration at all, this is ideal for the government. And this is exactly
what happens when concluding friendly settlements or when the ECtHR accepts
a unilateral declaration from the government."

Religious literature censorship cases under Council of Europe "enhanced
supervision"

Shukran Mammadov's ECtHR decision is among four cases – another of which
relates to censored Jehovah's Witness literature – which are under
enhanced supervision by the Council of Europe. The regime submitted an
Action Report on 20 July 2022
(https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://hudoc.exec.coe.int/eng?i=DH-DD(2022)785E__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!qds6hCYJfEXxXUXOxiaXgG9-i9f2LLnpe3F2jQW_WmJOcO4nqQfspCBoMPgQBPkc10-nYTaApReWZXvx07mEjvXV96VN$
 ) related to three
Jehovah's Witness cases. Chingiz Asgarov, the government agent to the
ECtHR, did not respond to the Committee of Ministers on Shukran Mammadov's
case.

The regime's Action Report in the three Jehovah's Witness cases claims that
it has implemented the ECtHR decisions by paying the compensation awarded
by the Court to victims in two of the four cases (both from Jehovah's
Witnesses), as well as in another Jehovah's Witness case. Asgarov claims
that "no outstanding issues remain unresolved" and asks the Committee of
Ministers to close the case.

"Additional information is awaited," the Council of Europe website
(https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://hudoc.exec.coe.int/eng?i=004-55457__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!qds6hCYJfEXxXUXOxiaXgG9-i9f2LLnpe3F2jQW_WmJOcO4nqQfspCBoMPgQBPkc10-nYTaApReWZXvx07mEjjQL3QOI$
 ) as of  notes in
response to the regime's Action Report.

The ECtHR ruled in February 2020 that Azerbaijan had violated the rights of
Jehovah's Witnesses by banning three of their publications from import and
distribution back in 2008 (Religious Community of Jehovah's Witnesses v.
Azerbaijan, Application No. 52884/09
(https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-201087__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!qds6hCYJfEXxXUXOxiaXgG9-i9f2LLnpe3F2jQW_WmJOcO4nqQfspCBoMPgQBPkc10-nYTaApReWZXvx07mEjnUeP6RH$
 )).

Following the ECtHR's February 2020 judgment, the regime's July 2022 Action
Report claimed that "since 2016 no restrictions have been imposed on the
Religious Community of Jehovah's Witnesses on importing religious
literature. In general, the practice of imposing restrictions on religious
literature has become outdated for a while in Azerbaijan".

While the State Committee has not refused Jehovah's Witnesses permission to
import specific publications since November 2015, the state censorship of
all religious literature produced in, distributed in and imported into
Azerbaijan remains unchanged.

Eldar Zeynalov of the Human Rights Centre of Azerbaijan told Forum 18 on 18
July that it is "difficult to accept" the claim that "the practice of
imposing restrictions on religious literature has become outdated". He
points to Criminal Code Article 167-2 punishing unapproved production,
distribution and import of religious materials.

Criminal Code Article 167-2 "is not about just extremist literature, but
about any publications of religious content, not even intended for sale",
Zeynalov notes. "How many books or magazines are enough to initiate a
criminal case under this article has not been specified, which gives reason
to believe that even one copy is enough."

Zeynalov adds: "According to ordinary human logic, if there are some state
structures that are responsible for recognising a religious text as
'extremist' and for issuing 'relevant permission' for the production and
distribution of religious literature, then this means the presence of
'religious censorship', even if the office of this organisation does not
have a sign with that name."

Forum 18 asked Chingiz Asgarov, the government agent to the ECtHR who made
this claim to the Council of Europe, in writing in the middle of the
working day in Baku of 17 July why he is claiming this given that the
censorship system remains unchanged. Forum 18 reminded him of Article 22 of
the Religion Law, which sets out this state censorship. Forum 18 received
no response by the end of the working day in Baku of 18 July.

Another religious literature censorship case is pending at the ECtHR. In
February 2018, the State Committee for Work with Religious Organisations on
theological grounds banned the publication and distribution
(https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=2351__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!qds6hCYJfEXxXUXOxiaXgG9-i9f2LLnpe3F2jQW_WmJOcO4nqQfspCBoMPgQBPkc10-nYTaApReWZXvx07mEjjiouiSQ$
 ) of the book "Things
Not Existing in Islam" by Muslim theologian Elshad Miri (also known as
Miriyev). Repeated legal appeals against the ban failed
(https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=2485__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!qds6hCYJfEXxXUXOxiaXgG9-i9f2LLnpe3F2jQW_WmJOcO4nqQfspCBoMPgQBPkc10-nYTaApReWZXvx07mEjvfr0hrn$
 ).

After failing on 20 December 2019 in the Supreme Court to overturn the ban
(https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=2490__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!qds6hCYJfEXxXUXOxiaXgG9-i9f2LLnpe3F2jQW_WmJOcO4nqQfspCBoMPgQBPkc10-nYTaApReWZXvx07mEjldjFjcW$
 ), Miri lodged a case
in the ECtHR, Miriyev v. Azerbaijan (Application No. 1717/20). The ECtHR
has not yet asked the regime questions about the case. Miri told Forum 18
on  that he has had no recent news from the Court.

Government "friendly agreement" in one UN appeal, another appeal withdrawn

On 24 March 2022, the United Nations Human Rights Committee discontinued
consideration of an appeal lodged by two Jehovah's Witnesses in June 2016
about violations of freedom of religion, it announced on 28 February 2023.
The Committee said the decision had been taken because the two "had reached
a friendly agreement with the State party".

On 27 July 2022, the Committee discontinued consideration of an appeal
lodged by an individual in November 2015 about violations of freedom of
religion, it announced on 9 March 2023. The Committee said the decision had
been taken at the request of the applicant.

The appeal appears to be related to the Baptist community in the northern
town of Aliabad, which police repeatedly raided and two of whose pastors
were jailed. The Baptist church was able to meet for worship with limited
State Committee approval from January 2020
(https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=2557__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!qds6hCYJfEXxXUXOxiaXgG9-i9f2LLnpe3F2jQW_WmJOcO4nqQfspCBoMPgQBPkc10-nYTaApReWZXvx07mEjgJBA1iI$
 ), which might have led
the applicant to withdraw the appeal to the UN Human Rights Committee.
(END)

Full reports on freedom of thought, conscience and belief in Azerbaijan
(https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.forum18.org/archive.php?query=&religion=all&country=23__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!qds6hCYJfEXxXUXOxiaXgG9-i9f2LLnpe3F2jQW_WmJOcO4nqQfspCBoMPgQBPkc10-nYTaApReWZXvx07mEjqBs1rmv$
 )

For more background, see Forum 18's Azerbaijan religious freedom survey
(https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=2429__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!qds6hCYJfEXxXUXOxiaXgG9-i9f2LLnpe3F2jQW_WmJOcO4nqQfspCBoMPgQBPkc10-nYTaApReWZXvx07mEjtTAzSWT$
 )

Forum 18's compilation of Organisation for Security and Co-operation in
Europe (OSCE) freedom of religion or belief commitments
(https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=1351__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!qds6hCYJfEXxXUXOxiaXgG9-i9f2LLnpe3F2jQW_WmJOcO4nqQfspCBoMPgQBPkc10-nYTaApReWZXvx07mEjqcsZdLj$
 )

Follow us on Twitter @Forum_18 
(https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://twitter.com/forum_18__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!qds6hCYJfEXxXUXOxiaXgG9-i9f2LLnpe3F2jQW_WmJOcO4nqQfspCBoMPgQBPkc10-nYTaApReWZXvx07mEjiIo24Pp$
 )

Follow us on Facebook @Forum18NewsService
(https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.facebook.com/Forum18NewsService__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!qds6hCYJfEXxXUXOxiaXgG9-i9f2LLnpe3F2jQW_WmJOcO4nqQfspCBoMPgQBPkc10-nYTaApReWZXvx07mEjqX4dEeV$
 )

Follow us on Telegram @Forum18NewsService
(https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://t.me/s/forum18newsservice__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!qds6hCYJfEXxXUXOxiaXgG9-i9f2LLnpe3F2jQW_WmJOcO4nqQfspCBoMPgQBPkc10-nYTaApReWZXvx07mEji-KfSiw$
 )

All Forum 18 text may be referred to, quoted from, or republished in full,
if Forum 18 is credited as the source.

All photographs that are not Forum 18's copyright are attributed to the
copyright owner. If you reuse any photographs from Forum 18's website, you
must seek permission for any reuse from the copyright owner or abide by the
copyright terms the copyright owner has chosen.

© Forum 18 News Service. All rights reserved. ISSN 1504-2855.

=================================================

SUBSCRIBE 
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.forum18.org/subscribe.php__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!qds6hCYJfEXxXUXOxiaXgG9-i9f2LLnpe3F2jQW_WmJOcO4nqQfspCBoMPgQBPkc10-nYTaApReWZXvx07mEjmjIRaKr$
  and enter your e-mail
address for either the full or the weekly edition.

- Or send an empty e-mail to (for the full edition):
f18news-eurasia+subscribe@forum18.org

(for the weekly edition):
f18news-weekly+subscribe@forum18.org

UNSUBSCRIBE 
https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.forum18.org/subscribe.php__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!qds6hCYJfEXxXUXOxiaXgG9-i9f2LLnpe3F2jQW_WmJOcO4nqQfspCBoMPgQBPkc10-nYTaApReWZXvx07mEjmjIRaKr$
  and enter your e-mail
address for either the full or the weekly edition.

- Or send an empty e-mail to (for the full edition):
f18news-eurasia+unsubscribe@forum18.org

(for the weekly edition):
f18news-weekly+unsubscribe@forum18.org

=================================================
If you need to contact F18News, please email us at:  
f18news @ editor.forum18.org

Forum 18
Postboks 6603
Rodeløkka
N-0502 Oslo
NORWAY
=================================================