DEADLY NATIONALISM
By Annette Grossbongardt in Istanbul
SPIEGEL ONLINE
URL: ,1518 ,465046,00.html
February 10, 2007, 05:53 PM
The Struggle of Orhan Pamuk and Turkey’s Intellectuals
The culture war in Turkey against critical authors and journalists
is intensifying, as murderous nationalists agitate against dissidents.
Many liberals are under threat, including Nobel Prize winner Orhan
Pamuk, who has now left the country.
Orhan Pamuk flew to the Cairo International Book Fair on the day of
the funeral of his friend Hrant Dink. There is "great interest in
all aspects of Turkish literature and culture" in the Arab world,
the winner of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Literature said, but it sounded
as if he were attempting to justify his trip abroad, now that the
situation in Turkey has become precarious for him and other liberal
writers and journalists.
By that point, Pamuk’s moves were apparently prompted by fears for
his own life. He did not attend the morning funeral procession two
weeks ago for Dink, a Turkish-Armenian journalist who was murdered
by ultra-nationalists. More than just a funeral procession, the
event turned into a protest march of demonstrators who chanted "We
are all Armenians," making a strong impression on Europeans. But
despite his absence from the procession, Pamuk did not hesitate to
publicly criticize the Turkish government, judiciary and society,
which he held partly responsible for Dink’s death. "The murder of my
courageous, golden-hearted friend has soured my life," Pamuk confessed,
"I am furious at everyone and everything, and I feel boundless shame."
As if to reinforce his words, Turkey was in an uproar last Friday over
images of several police officers who were photographed in a chummy
pose with the young murder suspect. The officers were suspended from
duty, but not before the newspaper Sabah condemned the incident,
writing that a nationalist murderer was being treated like a hero.
By then Pamuk, who has become the most prominent advocate of a modern,
liberal, cosmopolitan Turkey, had already left Istanbul for the United
States, where he plans to stay, for the time being, and give lectures
at several universities. He cancelled a reading tour in Germany
last week and ceremonies at the Free University of Berlin and the
Catholic University of Brussels. Both institutions had planned to
award Pamuk honorary doctorates, but the author simply declined to
attend without so much as offering an explanation. The Carl Hanser
Publishing Company, which has published his books in German, including
"The White Fortress," "Snow" and, most recently, "Istanbul," received
nothing but a blunt fax to explain Pamuk’s absence. The answering
machine at his house in Istanbul was switched off, and whenever
journalists did manage to reach him, he would hang up the phone.
"More will die"
"Tell Orhan Pamuk to wise up!" one of the principal suspects in the
Dink murder, right-wing extremist Yasin Hayal, a man with a criminal
record, said publicly. The threat must have made a strong impression
on the author.
Last week the self-proclaimed "Turkish Revenge Brigade" (TIT) posted
a video on YouTube depicting Dink’s corpse next to photos of Pamuk.
The lyrics of a song that accompanied the images read: "We cannot
be friends with them." The video ended with a shot of a Turkish flag
and the head of a wolf — the symbol of Turkish ultra-nationalists,
and the threat: "More will die."
Pamuk, Turkey’s most famous writer and a man who ought to be the pride
of this country as it seeks European Union membership, has been pursued
by hate-mongering nationalists for some time, and he is not the only
one. About a dozen Turkish writers, journalists and academics are
currently the targets of hate-spewing, fanatical right-wing extremists.
Pamuk’s hasty departure shines a spotlight on the clash of cultures and
the climate of agitation, intimidation and fear dissidents in Turkey
currently face, especially those who dare to tackle national taboos —
of which there are many, including the 1915 genocide of Armenians in
the Ottoman Empire, which the Turkish government continues to dispute,
Christian minorities, the Kurds and the PKK (Kurdish Workers’ Party)
and, of course, Kemal Ataturk, the founder of the modern Turkish state.
According to statistics compiled by the Turkish Human Rights
Foundation, close to 100 intellectuals have already been hauled before
courts for voicing their critical opinions. Most have been charged
with the crime of "insulting Turkishness," or disparaging national
institutions. Reactionary prosecutors use a notorious Turkish law
known as Article 301 to persecute critical thinkers.
Elif Shafak, 35, a popular and courageous female author, had done
nothing more threatening than write a novel ("The Bastard of Istanbul")
that tells the interweaving stories of a Turkish and an Armenian
family in the United States and Istanbul. Her novel prompted a group
of nationalist lawyers to take Shafak to court in 2006, merely because
one of her characters says: "I am the grandchild of genocide survivors
who lost all their lives to the hands of Turkish butchers in 1915."
Shafak was acquitted, but she confesses that she felt "quite shaken"
by the "ordeal" of the trial. As happens in all of these trials,
angry nationalist activists gathered outside the court house. The
same brand of activists threw eggs at Pamuk, who was also accused of
"insulting Turkishness," and berated Perihan Magden, a journalist who
had written an article defending conscientious objectors, as a "whore
of the PKK." Shafak was well into a pregnancy when her trial began.
She had been receiving threatening letters for some time, but only
after the Dink murder did the government finally acknowledge the
danger she and other journalists faced. Turkish Prime Minister Recep
Tayyip Erdogan has now assigned government bodyguards to writers and
intellectuals considered in danger.
Grassroots snitches
Ideologically obsessed citizens often act as informers, such as the
attorney from Izmir who filed a complaint against Muazzez Ilmiye Cig,
a 92-year-old female archeologist. The case against Cig revolved around
the religious headscarf, one of the central symbols of conflict in
Muslim but highly secular Turkey. Cig, an expert in the history of
the Sumerians, had written that headscarves were originally worn by
Sumerian priestesses to initiate young men into sex. Cig was accused of
"inciting hatred" but was acquitted.
The portrait of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, the founder of the modern
Turkish nation, hangs in every Turkish government office, every
business and every classroom. He has been dead 70 years, and yet
criticizing him as a historic figure remains taboo. When Atilla Yayla,
an Istanbul political scientist, dared to describe the first few years
of Ataturk’s government as a "step backwards, not a period of progress"
and criticized the official cult of hero worship surrounding Ataturk,
he was promptly suspended from his job.
When journalist Ipek Calislar wrote about an episode in which Ataturk
dressed in women’s clothing to escape an assassination attempt,
she was accused of having tarnished Ataturk’s reputation. "Ataturk
was an incredibly brave man and would never have done such a thing,"
wrote an angry reader who filed a complaint against the author with
the public prosecutor’s office. If Calislar had been found guilty,
she could have faced up to four and a half years in prison.
Even translators of undesirable books are not safe against persecution,
nor are publishers like Fatih Tas, who published a study by an American
professor on "the human costs of the US arms trade."
Turkey, a US ally, is criticized in the report.
"A wave of nationalism"
For the European Union the trials, which seek to muzzle the
freedom of speech, are a barometer for Turkey’s suitability for EU
membership. Each new trial creates fresh doubts as to whether the
country is in fact succeeding in transforming itself into an open,
pluralistic society.
The roots of the problem are deeply embedded in a highly traditional,
conservative society, large segments of which have suddenly chosen
to obstruct the country’s efforts to become integrated into the West.
"The Turkey of today harbors a smaller modern society and a vast
pre-modern society that live side by side, but not in the same era,"
says sociologist Dogu Ergil.
Nationalists who prefer to drive their country into isolation rather
than deliver it to "imperialistic enemies" in the West currently
dominate the pre-modern segment of Turkish society.
The country has been seized by "a wave of nationalism of unprecedented
scope," complains political scientist Baskin Oran, who was also once
put on trial, in his case for writing a critical report about the
situation of Turkish minorities. The Erdogan administration, which
campaigned on a reform platform but is now eager to gain reelection,
does little to stem the country’s reactionary mood.
The other camp, the modern segment of Turkish society, is embodied by
the 100,000 people who took to the streets to mourn murdered journalist
Dink, but also by the country’s economic elite, who know that Turkey
can only have a future as part of the West. But the nationalists have
met the show of solidarity with the country’s Armenian minority with
renewed attempts to wrest public opinion away from the demonstrators,
and they are now holding up banners that read: "We are all Turks,
our names are Mehmet, Hasan and Huseyin, not Hrant Dink." A bitter
fight has erupted over the future direction of Turkey, waged on one
side in parts with murderous fervor. Which side will emerge victorious
is still undecided.
Constant threats
The day Ismet Berkan, editor-in-chief of the liberal newspaper Radical,
had to be accompanied by bodyguards to leave his office was the day
he began thinking about leaving the country. "But that’s exactly what
they want," he says, "and that’s why we must stay and raise our voices
against those who want to cut Turkey off from the rest of the world."
This requires courage, especially for someone who receives up to
50 threatening anonymous letters a day, letters that read: "We will
get rid of you, we will kill you." A year ago, Berkan and four other
journalists were put on trial for having criticized a court decision
banning a conference on the Armenian question.
Baskin Oran also refuses to be driven out. The 62-year-old political
science professor perseveres in his small row house in Ankara,
clinging to the conviction that Turkey "is getting better every day,
even if we are passing through hell on the road to paradise." He
solicits understanding for his country, which he says is rushing
through a development process in a matter of decades that lasted
for centuries in Europe. Oran regularly receives e-mails, telephone
calls and faxes in which fanatics disparage him as a "bastard" and
"traitor," messages peppered with threats like "we will fuck your
mother" and "we will kill you." In a report he wrote on Turkish
minorities, Oran proposed the use of the term "citizens of Turkey"
instead of the ethnically defining word "Turks."
Prosecutors accused Oran of "inciting hatred" and, with his ideas,
of promoting "chaos" and jeopardizing the "fundamental elements
of the Turkish Republic." Oran defended himself with a 40-page
"counter-accusation," which he said he owed to his students, "whom I
have been teaching, for the past 37 years, to take a stand against
anti-democratic positions." His efforts were successful — for the
time being. But he nevertheless requires police protection every time
he leaves his home.
"I live in a country that celebrates and honors its generals,
police officers and statesman, even while they are still alive,
but persecutes its writers with court trials and prison sentences,"
Pamuk said last year, when he was still embroiled in his own trial.
A difficult relationship with intellectuals
The hostile mood in Turkey reflects the country’s difficult
relationship with its intellectuals and its deep distrust of its
pro-Western authors who criticize the system from within.
"We are always seen as potential runaways, if not potential traitors,"
says writer Shafak. "Criticizing the country is considered practically
the equivalent of hating it." In a recent television interview, she was
asked: "Did you ever say that you were not feeling at home in Turkey?"
When Pamuk was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in October,
a first for Turkey, his otherwise staunchly nationalist fellow Turks
were restrained in their praise for the author. To this day many are
convinced that the only reason Pamuk received the prize was that he
openly criticized the Armenian genocide.
Pamuk has toned down his rhetoric since then. "Especially now that
I am a Nobel Prize winner," he says, "I am no longer interested in
talking about minor political matters as much," he admits.
Nevertheless, he adds, he sometimes becomes so furious that he is
unable to hold his tongue. It seems that there are currently plenty
of reasons for Pamuk to begin talking again.
Translated from the German by Christopher Sultan
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