Author: Ani Tigranian

Armenia-EU alliance. How to reach this level of relations? Opinion

Ani Tigranian
Dec 13 2023
  • JAMnews
  • Yerevan

Deepening Armenia’s ties with the European Union

“We intend to get as close to the European Union as the EU deems possible,” Armenian Foreign Minister Ararat Mirzoyan said at the Eastern Partnership ministerial meeting in Brussels. Earlier, Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan made the same statement at the European Parliament.

Mirzoyan welcomed the decision to grant Georgia the status of candidate country and to start membership talks with Moldova and Ukraine, and said that the people of Armenia have also chosen this path. Armenia will continue the “irreversible path of democratization and reforms” with the support of the EU, Mirzoyan assured.

Meanwhile, political analyst Hrachya Arzumanyan believes that as long as there is a Russian military base and Russian FSB officers in Armenia, the West will be suspicious of the country’s inclusion in the European family. In his opinion, in order to become a “potential ally” of the European Union, Yerevan must “break out of the Eurasian camp” and end its national security relations with Russia.

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The number of EU civilian observers monitoring the Armenian-Azerbaijani border will increase from 138 to 209, EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Josep Borrell said.

“The increase in the number of the observer mission is important. It is an opportunity to contribute to stability on Armenia’s international border with Azerbaijan.”

He believes that the decision can be considered a “first step” in deepening Armenia-EU cooperation.

As expected, the Russian side reacted negatively to the EU decision.

Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Mikhail Galuzin called it a “completely useless step” and the expansion of the mission will not contribute to the Armenian-Azerbaijani settlement, but only increase tensions in the Transcaucasus.

“We are convinced that the expansion of the EU mission will not yield any result in terms of promoting the Azerbaijani-Armenian settlement, the basic principles of which were worked out in November 2020 by the top leaders of Russia, Azerbaijan and Armenia and enshrined in several trilateral joint statements.”

Recently, EU officials have often said that the possibility of assisting the Armenian army in a “non-lethal format” through the European Peace Facility is being considered.

The European Peace Facility is a mechanism through which Brussels provides funds to non-EU countries to improve their defense capabilities, prevent conflict and promote peace. Through this mechanism, the EU has supported Ukraine, Georgia and Moldova.

The support is being discussed by member states taking into account Armenia’s “most pressing needs,” EU foreign policy spokesman Peter Stano said.

“It could be a field hospital, defense equipment, but it could also enhance the ability to fight cyberattacks and disinformation. The spectrum is very wide,” he explained.

A technical mission in Armenia is expected to develop concrete proposals for “non-lethal format” assistance.

Armenia cannot afford the “luxury of small steps” and must decide to make big, systemic changes, says national security expert and political scientist Hrachya Arzumanyan. Otherwise, the country will not be able to withstand military actions threatening it.

According to the political scientist, the first step should be to cut military ties with Russia. He warns that Armenia has little time for that. Arzumanyan believes that with the announcement of a truce on the Russian-Ukrainian front, the South Caucasus will become the target:

“The potential that operates on the Ukrainian front will be directed at us, we will feel this force immediately in diplomatic, military and other spheres. We should take steps as soon as possible, try to convince Europe that we can join Georgia, so that the process that started in Georgia will continue in Armenia”.

The political analyst emphasizes that the path will not be easy, Armenia will need at least 5-10 years to reform the military sphere, and that if this path is not followed, it will not be possible to preserve the country’s sovereignty.

In his opinion, it is necessary to take advantage of the created “window of opportunity” and strengthen ties with the European democratic camp, as long as the interests of Armenia and the West coincide.

The expert cites the example of Finland, which was able to become a NATO member, arguing the danger the country faces due to the war in Ukraine.

“We should realize that we have very little time to end our military ties with Russia in the easiest and softest way possible,” he said.

https://jam-news.net/deepening-armenias-ties-with-the-european-union/

For the first time: a joint statement by Armenia and Azerbaijan "to achieve long-awaited peace in the region"

Ani Tigranian
Dec 7 2023

Armenia-Azerbaijan joint statement

In a historic first, a joint statement from the Office of the Prime Minister of Armenia and the Administration of the President of Azerbaijan declares:

“Baku and Yerevan share the view that this is a historic opportunity to achieve long-awaited peace in the region.”

Both countries affirm their commitment to normalize relations and establish a peace treaty based on respect for the principles of sovereignty and territorial integrity.

The agreement includes tangible steps to strengthen trust between the two nations.

Specifically, the document outlines that Azerbaijan releases 32 Armenian servicemen, and Armenia reciprocates by releasing 2 Azerbaijani servicemen.

Official records indicate that Azerbaijan currently detains 55 Armenian prisoners. Armenian human rights activists assert that Baku may be holding an additional 80 Armenians.

The Republic of Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan share the view that there is a historical chance to achieve a long-awaited peace in the region. Two countries reconfirm their intention to normalize relations and to reach the peace treaty on the basis of respect for the principles of sovereignty and territorial integrity.

Following the talks between the Office of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia and the Presidential Administration of the Republic of Azerbaijan, an agreement has been reached on taking tangible steps towards building confidence between two countries.

Driven by the values of humanism and as a gesture of goodwill, the Republic of Azerbaijan releases 32 Armenian military servicemen.

In its turn, driven by the values of humanism and as a gesture of goodwill, the Republic of Armenia releases 2 Azerbaijani military servicemen.

As a sign of good gesture, the Republic of Armenia supports the bid of the Republic of Azerbaijan to host the 29th Session of the Conference of Parties (COP29) to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, by withdrawing its own candidacy.

The Republic of Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan do hope that the other countries within the Eastern European Group will also support Azerbaijan’s bid to host.

As a sign of good gesture, the Republic of Azerbaijan supports the Armenian candidature for Eastern European Group COP Bureau membership.

The Republic of Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan will continue their discussions regarding the implementation of more confidence building measures, effective in the near future and call on the international community to support their efforts that will contribute to building mutual trust between two countries and will positively impact the entire South Caucasus region.

https://jam-news.net/armenia-azerbaijan-joint-statement/

Armenia remains CSTO ally, says Secretary General

Ani Tigranian

 12:21,

YEREVAN, NOVEMBER 27, ARMENPRESS. Armenia is still a CSTO ally, the defense bloc’s Secretary-General Imangali Tasmagambetov has said.

“I think there’s no sense in drawing conclusions from this situation, Armenia was, and still is, our ally,” the CSTO Secretary General told TASS news agency. “I think this says it all. As far as the CSTO Secretariat knows, the reasons behind the Armenian delegation’s absence are technical in nature. In any case, that’s the decision of an independent and sovereign state whom no other state or organization can impact. The CSTO respects the decision of the Republic of Armenia as a full member of the organization,” he said, referring to the absence of Armenia in the bloc's session in Belarus.

Armenia PM Criticizes Russia as Rift With Moscow Grows Wider

Ani Tigranian
Nov 24 2023
AFP - Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan said on Friday that Russia had failed to deliver weapons Yerevan had already paid for and accused Russia's media of destabilizing his country's political situation.

The remarks highlighted Armenia's growing rift with its powerful ally after Russian peacekeepers failed to prevent Azerbaijan's offensive to retake its Armenian-controlled separatist enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh.

"There is a problem related to the delivery of (Russian) weaponry and equipment for which we have already paid," Pashinyan said in televised remarks.

"Discussions are currently underway on the mechanisms to resolve this problem."

"We know that the Russian Federation itself needs weapons," he said, in an apparent reference to Russia's war on Ukraine.

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He also said there were "certain problems" with respecting a bilateral agreement "stipulating that no efforts should be made to interfere in internal affairs or destabilize the domestic political situation in the country" by the two countries' broadcast media.

Pashinyan said Yerevan had invited Moscow to hold consultations "so that we can resolve this issue in a friendly and normal atmosphere."

Armenia is part of the Moscow-led Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) which obliges Russia to defend Armenia in the event of a foreign invasion.

Pashinyan has accused the CSTO of failing to fulfill that obligation, including when Armenia said its neighbor and arch-foe Azerbaijan had seized small pockets of its territory over the past three years.

On Thursday, Armenia refused to participate in a CSTO summit in Belarus, the latest _expression_ of Yerevan's growing discontent.

In a lightning military operation in September, Azerbaijan reclaimed its breakaway region of Karabakh from Armenian separatist forces which had controlled the mountainous territory for three decades.

https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2023/11/24/armenia-pm-criticizes-russia-as-rift-with-moscow-grows-wider-a83215







Armenian Prime Minister meets with Canadian parliamentary delegation

Ani Tigranian

 15:43,

YEREVAN, NOVEMBER 20, ARMENPRESS. Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan has met with a parliamentary delegation from Canada led by Senator Leo Housakos.

Prime Minister Pashinyan attached importance to the development of cooperation between Armenia and Canada in various directions and added that bilateral relations have been of dynamic nature in the recent period, the Prime Minister's Office said in a readout. 

The Armenian Prime Minister highlighted Canadian support to the Armenian government in implementing democratic reforms. At the same time, PM Pashinyan stressed the importance of Canada’s decision to join the European Union Mission in Armenia (EUMA).

The members of the Canadian parliamentary delegation expressed concern on the situation resulting from the policy of ethnic cleansing perpetrated by Azerbaijan in Nagorno-Karabakh. In this context, the humanitarian issues of over 100,000 forcibly displaced persons and the Armenian government’s measures to overcome these issues were discussed. Views were exchanged around the process of normalization of relations between Armenia and Azerbaijan.




Chief of Joint Staff: CSTO has received no withdrawal letter from Armenia

Ani Tigranian
Belarus – Nov 16 2023

MOSCOW, 16 November (BelTA) – We have received no letter from Armenia stating its intention to quit the Collective Security Treaty Organization, Chief of the CSTO Joint Staff, Colonel General Anatoly Sidorov said at a briefing for the press in Moscow on 16 November, BelTA has learned.

"I think that the wise leaders of our states will find ways to help solve the difficulties that the Republic of Armenia is going through today. The organization has not received any official withdrawal letters from the Armenian leadership. Armenia has made no statements on its withdrawal from the Collective Security Treaty Organization," Anatoly Sidorov said.

"The CSTO has received no withdrawal documents from Armenia. I have not personally seen them," the CSTO Chief of the Joint Staff added.

"Armenia's participation in joint events in 2023 has been somewhat limited. It could be due to the dynamics in the country. We are not in a position to comment on such decisions. At the same time, Armenia participates in law-making activities, in the consideration of the organization's documents, and in the financing of permanent statutory bodies. The process is ongoing," he stressed.

"The CSTO has not lost interest in the Caucasus region. Neither is it going to leave Armenia. We are not even entertaining such ideas," the CSTO Chief of the Joint Staff said.

He also expressed confidence that the CSTO heads of state will take all necessary measures to stabilize the situation in the Caucasus.

https://eng.belta.by/politics/view/chief-of-staff-csto-has-received-no-withdrawal-letter-from-armenia-163362-2023/

Citigroup discriminated against Armenian Americans, federal regulator says; bank fined $25.9 million

Ani Tigranian
 
Associated Press
Nov 8 2023
BY KEN SWEET
Updated 5:58 PM GMT+2, November 8, 2023


NEW YORK (AP) — Citigroup intentionally discriminated against Armenian Americans when they applied for credit cards, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau said Wednesday, as some bank employees argued internally that Armenians were more likely to commit fraud and referred to applicants as “bad guys” or affiliated with organized crime.

The CFPB found that Citi employees were trained to avoid approving applications with last names ending in “yan” or “ian” — the most common suffix to Armenian last names — as well applications that originated in Glendale, California, where roughly 15% of the country’s Armenian American population lives.

As part of the order, Citi will pay $24.5 million in fines as well as $1.4 million in remedies to impacted customers.

The origins of the case come as a result of some organized crime syndicates operating in Southern California that involve Armenian Americans. The leaders of the Armenian crime rings have been charged with identity theft and other financial crimes, including stealing COVID-19 financial relief funds in recent years.

Citi, based in New York, said a few employees were attempting to stop potential fraud due to this “well-documented Armenian fraud ring operating in certain parts of California.” However, in the bureau’s order, these Citi employees used identifiable information that broadly discriminated against Armenian Americans in general.

“We sincerely apologize to any applicant who was evaluated unfairly by the small number of employees who circumvented our fraud detection protocols,” the bank said in a statement. “Following an internal investigation, we have taken appropriate actions with those directly involved in this matter and we promptly put in place measures to prevent any recurrence of such conduct.”

In its investigation, the bureau found that Citi employees were instructed to single out applications that had Armenian last names, but then to conceal the real reason on why those applications were denied. These employees knew they were running afoul of bank laws that prohibit discrimination against national origin, and kept any decisions off recorded phone lines or writing it down.

“Citi stereotyped Armenians as prone to crime and fraud. In reality, Citi illegally fabricated documents to cover up its discrimination,” said Rohit Chopra, the director of the CFPB, in a statement.

CFPB officials said the case involves “hundreds of individuals” who were impacted by Citi’s discrimination, which is relatively small for a bank that has tens of millions of customers. However because the behavior was so egregious, the bureau’s fine against Citi is relatively high compared to the number of people impacted.

https://apnews.com/article/citi-citigroup-cfpb-armenia-armenianamericans-606c86b08f8f571b643f0edd12137f6b 

A never-before-seen side of David Galstyan’s art

Ani Tigranian
November 8, 2023 Hena Aposhian Art 0

YEREVAN—Armenia-based photographer and artist David Galstyan’s latest exhibition Nebula is “a story of alchemy: how the mundane transforms into a cosmic phenomenon,” in his words, offering a unique take on the so-called mundane, everyday elements of life. On the day of the opening ceremony of the exhibition on October 28, the moon was passing into the earth’s shadow, creating a partial lunar eclipse. This coincidental alignment made the exhibition even more enchanting and magical, leaving the guests in awe of both the artworks and the overall atmosphere at Latitude Art Space in Yerevan.

Running for two weeks, the exhibition contains over 40 scanographies, each one containing a piece of the home of the Armenian people. As Galstyan put it, the components of the artworks are “anything that is gathered from the ground. I have found these things in my own land. They represent my culture in its most grounded and physical way.” Although each art piece is open for interpretation, abstracted elements of fire, dirt, tree branches and more can be found in them. “To take something unimportant or something ordinary and to showcase it for it to gain life and form and for others to see. Something you step on – to see its beauty,” the artist reflected.

Born and raised in Yerevan, Galstyan studied acting at the State Theatre Institute in Yerevan. It did not take long for Galstyan to find his calling. “After serving in the army, I changed my path and began to express myself through photography,” he said. “I changed my path and found photography more close to my heart.”

For over a decade now, Galstyan’s works have been exhibited both locally and internationally, including at the Emerging Arts Exhibition in New York in 2012, the sixth Beijing International Art Biennale in 2015, the “Hello World. Revising a Collection” Berlin exhibition at Nationalgalerie Hamburger Bahnhof-Museum fur Gegenwart in 2018 and more. Galstyan was also the cameraman for Lucine Talalyan’s experimental film Post DIY, Adrine Grigoryan’s documentary film Bavakan and the Turkish documentary film A Piece of Armenia. 

“Art allows us to raise questions that otherwise we cannot. Art allows us to raise questions that other fields may not allow,” Galstyan said regarding the role of art in society. At the core of his beliefs, he thinks that in many ways, art reminds people not to think inside of a box. Reflecting on Nebula, the artist admitted, “I cannot say what the influence will be, because we have to allow people to integrate and process that which they saw.”

Galstyan’s technique for the exhibition was scanography. For the creation of each art piece, the artist used a basic scanner, but with a slightly different method than the norm – he chose not to close the top of the scanner. By leaving the scanner open, the information that each piece contains is infinite. There is no limitation on what each piece represents or how it is interpreted. “Because I cannot limit myself to a specific niche, this is an _expression_ of this period of my life, as simple as something that reflects my current times,” he said. 

Galstyan’s studio is at the Art Factory, which is in the same building as the Latitude Art Space. Latitude is an Art Space by the Yerevan Biennial Art Foundation (YBAF), whose mission is to showcase and support Armenian art. Galstyan is the newest member of the foundation, and this was his first exhibition with YBAF.

Latitude Art Space invites everyone to come and check out this exhibition, “where the mundane transcends into cosmic marvels, inviting us to ponder the magic within the every day.” It will run until November 11, and visitors can view the exhibit between Thursday-Saturday from 2:00-7:00 p.m. All the artworks featured in the exhibition are for sale, and a portion of proceeds will go to help families in need from Artsakh.

  •  Bio
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Hena Aposhian is a freelance journalist who primarily focuses on Armenian arts & culture. She is a graduate of the American University of Armenia and holds a bachelor's degree in English & Communications.


Armenian military leaders visit EUCOM for bilateral meeting

Ani Tigranian
Nov 6 2023
U.S. Air Force Lt. Gen. Steven Basham, the U.S. European Command deputy commander, hosted a delegation of military officials from Armenia at EUCOM’s headquarters on Nov. 3.

The Armenian delegation was led by Chief of the General Staff of the Republic of Armenia Armed Forces Lt. Gen. Edvard Asryan.

Discussions focused on Armenia’s security environment, defense reforms and the defense cooperation with the United States.

“We were honored to host Lt. Gen. Asryan and his team. We learned a lot from one another,” Basham said. “This was a milestone event as we deliberately and incrementally develop our defense relationship.”

The Armenian delegation began their visit to Germany with a tour at the Joint Multinational Readiness Center in Hohenfels to observe training activities. They also met with the Non-Commissioned Officer Academy as part of their aims to further develop the Armenian military’s NCO corps.

“Armenian armed forces are currently undergoing significant reforms and transformation and we are interested in receiving support and learning about the best practices from our partners, and especially the United States.” Asryan said. “These discussions lay the foundation to plan and conduct future combined training with U.S. European Command as we aim to advance our military’s ability to respond to changes in a dynamic and complex environment.”

https://www.dvidshub.net/news/457128/armenian-military-leaders-visit-eucom-bilateral-meeting

Armenian-Azerbaijan Peace Might Finally Be on the Table

Ani Tigranian
FP – Foreign Policy
Nov 3 2023

By Eugene Chausovsky, a senior analyst at the Newlines Institute.

As fighting rages in the Middle East and Ukraine, another conflict-ridden region adjacent to both war zones may be on the precipice of a long-elusive peace. That region is the South Caucasus, where diplomatic efforts are underway between Armenia and Azerbaijan to strike a peace agreement following Azerbaijan’s victory in the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh. But the two are not operating in isolation: The conflict involves many of the same external players as both the Israeli-Hamas and Ukrainian conflicts—including Iran, Turkey, Russia, the European Union, and the United States. That makes the pathway to peace a challenging, interconnected road to maneuver.

The road to peace here may be quite literal. On Oct. 26, while at a summit in Tbilisi, Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan announced an initiative known as the Crossroads for Peace, which calls for building transport connections to each of Armenia’s neighbors—Georgia, Iran, Turkey, and Azerbaijan. The inclusion of the latter two is most notable, given that it was less than two months previous that Azerbaijan launched military operations to seize Nagorno-Karabakh with Turkey’s support, thus giving Baku complete territorial control over the long-disputed region.

The South Caucasus is one of the world’s least connected regions, both for geographic and political reasons. Mountainous and on the fringes of larger powers, numerous local and regional conflicts have also stifled trade and connectivity. Armenia’s borders with Azerbaijan and Turkey have long been closed due to the dispute over Nagorno-Karabakh, giving Yerevan only limited trade connections to Georgia, and by extension Russia, to the north and Iran to the south. In the meantime, Azerbaijan’s connections to its allies in Turkey and even its own exclave of Nakhchivan have been highly curtailed, with its western-bound exports of energy supplies relying exclusively on transit through Georgia.

Now, the issue of territorial control over Nagorno-Karabakh is no longer functionally in play, with the vast majority of the region’s ethnic Armenian residents seeking refuge in Armenia proper, while the region’s self-declared government announced that it would “cease to exist” as of Jan 1. As challenging as that has been for Armenians from both a humanitarian and political standpoint, it has removed one of the largest obstacles to peace between Armenia and Azerbaijan, especially as Yerevan’s primary security patron—Russia—has made clear it will not be coming to Armenia’s defense on the Nagorno-Karabakh issue.

This has unlocked the potential for both peace and the long-sought economic connectivity that both Armenia and Azerbaijan have been attempting to foster. Previously, those efforts were made separately and often in contradiction with one another’s aims, such as Azerbaijan’s pursuit of the so-called Zangezur corridor to build road, rail, and energy connections to both Nakhchivan and Turkey through southern Armenia without a political understanding with Yerevan. Armenia was opposed to such a route, and while the status of Nagorno-Karabakh was up in the air, this was a point of contention between Baku and Yerevan. This became a politically charged issue on the domestic front in both countries, one that was manipulated by external players such as Russia and Iran.

Now, that calculus appears to have changed. Following Azerbaijan’s takeover of Nagorno-Karabakh, Baku appears more interested in following through with building economic connections than seizing more territory. In part, this is a legal and political issue—the same grounds that Baku used to justify its actions in Nagorno-Karabakh (which has been an internationally recognized part of Azerbaijan), would be undermined if it aimed to gain further territory in Armenia proper by force. But it is also a practical issue, as economic projects would be more secure with Armenia’s diplomatic cooperation and participation rather than they would be with resistance from Yerevan.

This is what makes the unveiling of Pashinyan’s Crossroads for Peace initiative so important. The initiative both acknowledges the principle of territorial integrity, which would be crucial for any peace agreement between Yerevan and Baku, while also proposing specific connectivity projects, such as the construction and restoration of pipelines, road, rail, cables, and electricity lines between Armenia, Azerbaijan, and beyond

Pashinyan emphasized the mutual benefits of such an initiative to countries throughout the region, while the fact that high level figures from Azerbaijan, Turkey, and Iran were present at the summit, along with Armenian and Georgian counterparts, underscores the groundwork that has been laid on this issue. At the same time, Azerbaijan has dropped the Zangezur corridor proposal in favor of routes through Iran. No less importantly, Pashinyan stated during his speech that a normalization agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan could be “successfully completed in the coming months.”

Nevertheless, there are many potential hurdles to this initiative and the broader peace deal between Armenia and Azerbaijan that underpins it. Notably absent from the Tbilisi Silk Road Forum were representatives from Russia. Relations between Yerevan and Moscow have significantly soured over Russia’s refusal to intervene on Armenia’s behalf in Nagorno-Karabakh. Since then, Armenian officials have explicitly criticized Russia’s stance in the war, refused to participate in several forums hosted by Russia, and signed agreements on military and security cooperation with France, a NATO member.

This is significant, given that Russia would not be happy with projects in the Caucasus that exclude its participation, particularly in energy, since Azerbaijan has sought to increase its natural gas exports to Europe as the continent diversifies from Russia. And while Moscow has lost a lot of ground in the Caucasus amid its focus on the Ukrainian war effort and Turkey’s rise in the region, the Kremlin has proved to be willing and able to sow chaos and act as a disruptive force in theaters throughout Eurasia and beyond where its interests are not met.

Besides the Russian challenge, other factors could prove disruptive to normalization efforts between Armenia and Azerbaijan and connectivity efforts within the broader region. This could include political elements from within Armenia and its diaspora communities in countries such as France and the United States that are opposed to reconciliation with Azerbaijan, as well as any rhetoric from Azerbaijani officials that could perceived as threatening wider aggression. Additionally, there are thorny and politically sensitive issues for both sides, including border delimitation and mine clearance. Other conflicts could also spill into the region, especially given Russia’s prominent role there.

Despite all of these potential hurdles, there is a real chance for a peace agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan, which could significantly enhance the connectivity of the region to the benefit of millions of people. This, in turn, could unlock further connections to a Trans-Caspian corridor to Central Asia, which would only be strengthened by the participation and increased investment from key players such as the United States and EU, as detailed in a recently released New Lines Institute report.

All of this will take delicate maneuvering and strategic decision-making by the leadership of Armenia and Azerbaijan to mitigate the risks and seize the opportunities at a critical time, both in their bilateral relationship and in their relationship with influential actors throughout the region.

Eugene Chausovsky is a senior analyst at the Newlines Institute. Chausovsky previously served as senior Eurasia analyst at the geopolitical analysis firm Stratfor for more than 10 years. His work focuses on political, economic, and security issues pertaining to Russia, Eurasia, and the Middle East.

https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/11/03/armenia-azerbaijan-peace-nagorno-karabakh-economic-connectivity/