Frank Chalk au Devoir – l’humanite exterminatrice

L’entrevue – Le génocide revisité
Le professeur Frank Chalk a étudié les trous de mémoire de
l’humanité exterminatrice
Guy Taillefer
Édition du lundi 17 janvier 2005
Mots clés : Union européenne (UE), onu, génocide
L’une des preuves que la mémoire est souvent courte consiste à
penser que le génocide est pour l’essentiel un produit des conflits du
XXe siècle, alors qu’il s’en est commis dès l’Antiquité, ainsi que
l’illustre la nouvelle Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes against
Humanity. L’un de ses auteurs, Frank Chalk, est professeur d’histoire
à l’université Concordia. Nous l’avons rencontré.

Holocauste, nettoyage ethnique en Bosnie et au Kosovo, génocide des
Arméniens en Turquie et des Tutsis au Rwanda : les cas les plus
étudiés et les plus catastrophiques sont près de nous. Mais bien
avant ces événements, et bien avant que l’ONU ne définisse en 1948
le crime de génocide comme tout acte «commis dans l’intention de
détruire, en tout ou en partie, un groupe national, ethnique, racial
ou religieux», de nombreux autres gestes de nature semblablement
exterminatrice étaient survenus dans l’histoire : l’annihilation des
habitants de l’île-État de Milos par les Athéniens en 416 avant
Jésus-Christ, par exemple, et celle des Carthaginois trois siècles
plus tard par des Romains décidés à appliquer la «solution
finale» à une communauté qui leur tenait tête militairement.

L’Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes against Humanity, publiée par
l’éditeur américain Thomson Gale, ramasse en trois volumes et 300
articles étalés sur 1500 pages la mémoire de ces innommables
dérapages, que la conscience humaine s’emploie aujourd’hui encore à
nier. L’encyclopédie, publiée uniquement en anglais, est
présentée comme le premier ouvrage de référence exhaustif,
après l’Encyclopedia of Genocide parue en 1999, couvrant l’histoire
internationale des crimes contre l’humanité — pas seulement les
génocides et l’holocauste — et met à contribution des experts en
histoire, en droit international, en littérature, en psychologie…
Des Indiens Pequots exterminés au Connecticut par les Puritains aux
Hereros massacrés par les Allemands en Afrique de l’Ouest, «le
génocide n’est pas qu’un produit de la modernité, du capitalisme, de
l’industrialisation», affirme M. Chalk, un exemplaire de
l’encyclopédie fraîchement sorti des presses trônant sur son
bureau. Pas fché, ce M. Chalk, d’autant que l’exemplaire que lui
avait envoyé l’éditeur s’était égaré dans les dédales de la
firme de messagerie UPS.

Réflexe négationniste
L’ouvrage explore notamment le réflexe négationniste lié au
caractère inconcevable et extrême du crime. Ce négationnisme est
celui des coupables, comme on le constate depuis des années devant le
Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda (TPIR). «Le déni des
auteurs, affirme-t-il, constitue le stade final d’un génocide.» Mais
il est aussi celui de beaucoup de spécialistes, dit M. Chalk,
offusqués à l’idée d’étudier dans une perspective génocidaire
certains grands événements de l’histoire — les Croisades, par
exemple.

Il n’y a pourtant pas d’autres façons, dit-il, de qualifier les
exactions commises par les Assyriens, considérés comme les premiers
génocidaires dans l’histoire de l’humanité, quelque 700 ans avant
J-C. Ni de décrire celles de Gengis Khan et des Mongols, au XIIIe
siècle. Conduits par le «mépris du sédentaire» à l’époque
de la révolution agricole et de l’apparition des villes, les
Assyriens, «qui se sont vantés plusieurs fois d’avoir commis des
génocides», volaient les récoltes et exterminaient les
communautés qui leur résistaient.

Deux mille ans plus tard, Gengis Khan serait «un génie à ce jeu»
qui consiste à semer la terreur en massacrant les hommes des villages
qu’il prenait et en tuant ou asservissant les femmes et les enfants.
«Avant les mitraillettes et les ordinateurs, Gengis Khan maîtrisait
tout à fait l’art du génocide.»

Autre cas : le Tibet. Si les soldats chinois y sont allés, explique
M. Chalk, ce fut au début du XVIIIe siècle parce que le dalaï-lama
de l’époque les avait invités à y venir pour le débarrasser d’un
envahisseur mongol, la tribu des Zunghars. Ces derniers furent
déportés par les Chinois au nord du Tibet et massacrés après
avoir tenté de se rebeller.

Formes de déviance

États-Unien d’origine, installé au Canada depuis le milieu des
années 1960, M. Chalk est une sommité internationale en la
matière. Le groupe des cinq responsables de publication dont il
faisait partie — et dont était également membre un ancien
professeur de l’UQAM, William Schabas, aujourd’hui du Centre des droits
humains de l’Université nationale d’Irlande — planchait sur le projet
d’encyclopédie depuis deux ans et demi.

Mais M. Chalk s’intéresse en fait à la question depuis la fin des
années 1970 alors que, prenant un café avec un collègue sociologue
de Concordia, Kurt Jonassohn, les deux hommes s’avisent qu’ils
«donnent un cours sur toutes les formes de déviance qui existent
sous le soleil, excepté la plus létale». Le premier cours est
donné en 1980 et fait toujours, 25 ans plus tard, partie du cursus :
«Le premier jour, je préviens mes étudiants de la difficulté du
cours et de la gravité déprimante du sujet», dit-il.

Concordia est aujourd’hui la seule université sur la planète à
donner un cours en deux sessions sur l’histoire et la sociologie du
génocide. Les compétences des deux hommes, dont les familles ont
vécu les horreurs du nazisme, débouchent en 1990 sur la publication,
aux éditions Yale, de History and Sociology of Genocide, devenu une
référence. Deux ans plus tard, il prend un congé sabbatique et
visite la Californie, le Cambodge, la Tasmanie, l’Australie… Ce que
son épouse a baptisé par raillerie son Genocide World Tour. Comment
garder le sourire devant un sujet pareil ? «Il faut des gens, dans
ta vie, qui te rendent heureux.»

Hypocrisie

Des génocides ont été commis dans l’histoire pour éliminer une
menace potentielle, pour créer la terreur dans la construction d’un
empire, ou par pure cupidité. Mais le motif le plus effrayant est
idéologique. Le génocide des Juifs par les nazis, dont le modus
operandi peut être retracé dans celui des Hereros en 1904 et des
Arméniens en 1915, en constitue l’exemple le plus emblématique, mais
non exclusif.

«Alors que les nazis planifiaient l’invasion de la Pologne en 1939 et
l’assassinat d’intellectuels, de professeurs et de religieux, Hilter
aurait répondu à des généraux s’inquiétant pour la
réputation de l’Allemagne dans le monde : “Souvenez-vous de Gengis
Khan et des Arméniens, personne n’en parle plus maintenant.” La
négligence internationale, le déni, l’absence de mémoire, dit M.
Chalk, ont encouragé Hitler à penser qu’il pourrait s’en sauver et
que le monde s’en rappellerait comme des grands rois.»

Et maintenant, le Darfour, alors que la communauté internationale,
pendant qu’on discute avec M. Chalk, continue de tergiverser sur la
définition des exactions commises par les milices arabes appuyées
par l’armée soudanaise contre des dizaines de milliers de Noirs
musulmans.

«La question, au Darfour, n’est pas de savoir s’il s’agit ou non d’un
génocide, explique-t-il. Le vrai problème, c’est que, dans nos
relations internationales, on estime n’avoir aucun intérêt à
intervenir pour sauver les vies de victimes potentielles de crimes
contre l’humanité. Voilà où nous en sommes à l’heure actuelle.
Nous avons écrit d’excellents rapports, mais des rapports hypocrites
puisqu’ils ne sont accompagnés ni de la volonté politique ni des
capacités militaires.» Il est vrai que le monde a peut-être
aujourd’hui une plus grande conscience humanitaire, «mais nous ne
sommes pas plus civilisés et humanitaires si nous n’agissons pas».

Primate meets with Presbyterian leaders

PRESS OFFICE
Diocese of the Armenian Church of America (Eastern)
630 Second Avenue, New York, NY 10016
Contact: Jake Goshert, Coordinator of Information Services
Tel: (212) 686-0710 Ext. 60; Fax: (212) 779-3558
E-mail: [email protected]
Website:

January 18, 2005
___________________

HELPING ARMENIA ON ECCUMENICAL AGENDA

On Tuesday, January 11, 2005, Archbishop Khajag Barsamian, Primate of
the Diocese of the Armenian Church of America (Eastern), met Rev. Victor
Makari, ecumenical officer for the Presbyterian Church U.S.A. for the
Middle East and Europe.

The meeting was a follow-up to an audience Rev. Makari had in September
with His Holiness Karekin II, Supreme Patriarch and Catholicos of All
Armenians, in the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin. With the Primate he
discussed recent efforts by the National Council of Churches (NCC) and
ways the two churches can strengthen their relationship.

“The Presbyterian Church has worldwide programs and so it wants to stay
in touch with the Armenian Church and maintain its good relations with
Armenian Churches worldwide,” said Michael Haratunian, who also attended
the meeting as the chair of the Jinishian Memorial Program. “But since
the Presbyteiran church is a U.S. church, it is also important that they
have good relations with the Armenian Church in America.”

Joining the Primate, Rev. Makari, and Haratunian was David Nelson,
executive director of the Jinishian Memorial Program (JMP). As part of
the Presbyterian Church’s Worldwide Ministry Division, the JMP was
founded by Vartan H. Jinishian and works to help Armenians around the
globe transition from living in poverty to being self-sustaining.

With an annual $2 million budget, the JMP has programs in areas such as
the Republic of Armenia, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, and Jerusalem.

“We talked about how we can better serve the Armenian people overseas
and looked at our future plans,” Haratunian said of the courtesy visit
made to the Primate.

After meeting with the Primate, the JMP leaders also met with leaders of
the Fund for Armenian Relief (FAR), the Diocesan-affiliated humanitarian
aid organization.

“Both the Jinishian Program and FAR have programs in Armenia, and we
talked about possible partnerships in Armenia,” Haratunian said. “In
several areas we saw some compatibly, where we might be able to join
forces and leverage each other’s funding. The concept is a good one,
because by doing things together we might be able to do larger and more
elaborate projects.”

— 1/18/05

E-mail photos available on request. Photos also viewable in the News
and Events section of the Eastern Diocese’s website,

PHOTO CAPTION (1): Archbishop Khajag Barsamian, Primate of the Diocese
of the Armenian Church of America (Eastern), meets with Rev. Victor
Makari, Presbyterian Church U.S.A. ecumenical officer for the Middle
East and Europe; David Nelson, executive director of the Jinishian
Memorial Program; and Michael Haratunian, the Jinishian Memorial Program
chair.

www.armenianchurch.org
www.armenianchurch.org.

ARKA News Agency – 01/14/2005

ARKA News Agency
Jan 14 2005

Staff changes made in RA Government

The U.S. appears to be gaining influence in Armenia – Human Rights
Watch report

Armenia still has no full freedom of speech – Human Rights Watch
report

Process of Nagorno Karabakh settlement developed irregularly in 2004
– Armenian Foreign Ministry

Trade turnover between Russia and Armenia makes USD 169.3 mln for ten
months of 2004 – Armenian Foreign Ministry

EIF to represent Armenia at CeBIT 2005 international ICT expo

*********************************************************************

STAFF CHANGES MADE IN RA GOVERNMENT

YEREVAN, January 14. /ARKA/. Staff changes made in RA Government. In
accordance to RA President’s decree Gegham Garibdjanian was appointed
on the position of Deputy Foreign Minister.
Newly appointed deputy minister in the end of 2004 completed his
six-year mission of RA Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
to Iran. L.D. –0 –

*********************************************************************

THE U.S. APPEARS TO BE GAINING INFLUENCE IN ARMENIA – HUMAN RIGHTS
WATCH REPORT

YEREVAN, January 14. /ARKA/. The U.S. appears to be gaining influence
in Armenia, which traditionally has looked to Russia for military and
economic ties. The U.S. increased military aid and cooperation and,
after initially refusing to involve itself, in 2004 Armenia agreed to
send a small contingent of non-combatant military personnel to Iraq.
The U.S. also designated Armenia as one of sixteen countries to be
eligible for a multi-million dollar aid program called the Millennium
Challenge Account. The U.S. stated that the flow of money was
dependent on improvements in Armenia’s human rights record.
The Council of Europe effectively engaged Armenia to roll back some
of the government’s more authoritarian practices in 2004. The council
continued its scrutiny of Armenia’s post-accession obligations,
noting progress in complying with some commitments, such as abolition
of the death penalty, while expressing disappointment in other areas,
such as the conduct of the 2003 elections. In April, the council’s
Parliamentary Assembly passed a resolution under an urgent procedure,
expressing concern about the government crackdown against opposition
supporters that month. Armenia responded by releasing the opposition
supporters who were in custody on criminal charges and dropping the
charges against many of them.
In September 2004, the European Union and Armenia met under the
framework of the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement.
Unfortunately, the E.U. failed to use this forum publicly to
encourage human rights improvements, issuing a press release that did
not raise human rights concerns. In a step that could increase the
ability of the E.U. to influence Armenia on human rights, it included
Armenia in its European Neighborhood Policy, giving privileged ties
with the bloc. Officials warned that economic benefits would not flow
until at least 2007, when Armenia will have to have negotiated action
plans on economic and political reforms. L.D. -0 –

*********************************************************************

ARMENIA STILL HAS NO FULL FREEDOM OF SPEECH – HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH
REPORT

YEREVAN, January 14. /ARKA/. Although Armenia has a significant
independent and opposition print media, the government continued to
restrict full media freedom in the country. On April 5, 2004, the
Russian television channel NTV had its broadcasting suspended
throughout the country, after broadcasting footage of opposition
protests. The official reason given for the suspension was `technical
problems.’ By the end of September, NTV had not resumed broadcasting
and the government had given its broadcasting frequency to another
Russian channel that does not do news programming. In October,
Kentron, a private Armenian television station, cancelled a Radio
Free Europe and Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) news and analysis program
three days after it began broadcasts. RFE/RL believed that a
high-level government official had forced the cancellation. Local
NGOs continue a campaign for broadcasting rights for A1+ television,
which had been a highly popular and independent channel. The national
broadcasting commission remains steadfast, however, refusing to grant
licenses to A1+ and Noyan Tapan television channels, which were shut
down in 2002 and 2001 respectively. L.D. -0–

*********************************************************************

PROCESS OF NAGORNO KARABAKH SETTLEMENT DEVELOPED IRREGULARLY IN 2004
– ARMENIAN FOREIGN MINISTRY

YEREVAN, January 14. /ARKA/. The process of Nagorno Karabakh conflict
settlement developed irregularly in 2004, as Press and Information
Department of the Armenian Foreign Ministry reports this is stated in
report of Deputy Russian Foreign Minister Valery Loshchinin
summarizing Russian foreign policy in 2004. According to the report,
the meeting between Armenian and Azerbaijani Presidents Robert
Kocharian and Ilham Aliyev organized by Co-Chairs of the OSCE Minsk
Group (Russia, USA, France) in April in Warsaw enable after a year
and half pause to re-launch negotiations between the sides. Since May
thru August four rounds of consultations under aegis of Co-Chairs
were held four rounds of consultations between two countries Foreign
Ministers. As a result of Prague consultations were outlined
perspective opportunities of solution of the most difficult issues of
the Nagorno-Karabakh settlement that were presented to Armenian and
Azerbaijani Presidents reviews.
The report mentions that the topic of the conflict settlement was
discussed by the Russian President Vladimir Putin during repeated
conversations with Armenian and Azerbaijani Presidents. It was
permanently present in agenda of the Russian Foreign Minister Sergey
Lavrov’s with Foreign Minister of both countries. Russia was calling
constantly the sides on responsible and flexible behavior, convincing
them that only own efforts of the countries may bring to the mutually
acceptable solution. During the contacts the Russian position that
mediator efforts of Co-Chairs may only promote the sides to find a
compromise, was repeatedly stressed. During Astana three-lateral
summit with participation of Russian President on September 15 both
countries Presidents agreed to take time-out until the end of October
2004. However on October 14 Baku initiated inclusion in the agenda of
the 59th session of the UN General Assembly the issue on situation on
the occupied lands of Azerbaijan that hindered the prompt resume of
the negotiating process.
According to the Russian Foreign Ministry the situation was possible
to clear in the beginning of December as a result of meeting of
Co-Chairs with Armenian and Azerbaijani Foreign Ministers in Sofia
and Brussels, during which Baku promised not to put to voting its
resolution project, while Yerevan agreed with support of sending a
mission in end of January-early February of 2005 to the `occupied
lands’ around Nagorno Karabakh that would seek, if any facts related
to settlements on the territories with participation of the OSCE
Minsk Group country representatives. At the same time the sides
agreed to resume Prague talks on discussion of various elements of
the conflict settlements, the reguilar round of which was held on 11
January, 2005. T.M. -0–

*********************************************************************

TRADE TURNOVER BETWEEN RUSSIA AND ARMENIA MAKES USD 169.3 MLN FOR TEN
MONTHS OF 2004 – ARMENIAN FOREIGN MINISTRY

YEREVAN, January 14. /ARKA/. The trade turnover between Russia and
Armenia makes USD 169.3 mln for ten months of 2004. As Press and
Information Department of the Armenian Foreign Ministry reports this
is stated in report of Deputy Russian Foreign Minister Valery
Loshchinin summarizing Russian foreign policy in 2004. According to
the report Russian-Armenian relations in 2004 acquired a new dynamics
and were characterized by more active contacts on highest and high
levels. During the year Russian and Armenian Presidents had five
meetings. Activity of Russian-Armenian Intergovernmental Committee on
Economic Affairs resumed its activity: its Co-Chairs held a meeting
in October in Yerevan, while holding of the sixth meeting is
scheduled in late December in Moscow. `We revealed new directions of
mutual business cooperation: banking investments. Russia maintained
the position of the key trade partner and investor in Armenia’, the
report mentions. According to the Armenian Foreign Ministry the sides
also were developing successful relations in humanities sphere. To
improve the education sphere, Russian and Armenian Education
Ministries signed agreement on cooperation.
To mention according to Armenian National Statistical Service, trade
turnover between Armenia and Russia in January-October 2004 made USD
206.7 mln (export – USD 65566.8 thou., import – USD 141117.4 thou.),
versus USD 245.5 mln for the same period in 2003 (export – USD
75456.1 thou., import – USD 170068.3 thou.) T.M. -0–

*********************************************************************

EIF TO REPRESENT ARMENIA AT CEBIT 2005 INTERNATIONAL ICT EXPO

YEREVAN, January 14. /ARKA/. Enterprises Incubator Fund EIF will
present Armenian IT industry at CeBIT 2005 largest international ICT
expo to be held in Hanover (Germany) from March 10 to 16th, 2005. The
press release of the Fund says that Armenian booth (21 sq. meter, two
open sides) will be located in Hall 8 dedicated to outsourcing.
Enterprises Incubator Foundation was founded by the RA Government
with financial assistance of WB in 2002. The objective of the Fund is
to assist the ICT companies and stimulate economic growth in this
area. The activities of the Fund are aimed at organization of
training courses, implementation of curricula together with higher
education institutions of the republic and providing necessary spaces
for IT companies. L.V. -0–

BISNIS: Investment Opps in Armenia Construction Sector – 01/12/2005

Investment Opportunities in Armenia’s Construction Sector

BISNIS: Construction Industry Update
January 12, 2005

— BISNIS Search for Partner Lead
— Armenia: The Imported Building Materials Market

*************************************************************************
BISNIS Search for Partner Lead:

FEATURED LINK: Comfort R&V (Rebroadcast, please see corresponding market
report below)

Description: Comfort R&V was established in 1993 as a private company.
It specializes in the importation and distribution of building
materials. It is one of the largest distributors of building materials
in Armenia. The company’s annual turnover totaled $12 million in 2003.
The company is the distributor of a number leading European and American
producers of building materials. The company owns 17,000 sq.m. of land
located near the capital city of Yerevan where it plans to establish a
large trade center specializing in the wholesale and retail distribution
of building materials. The total project cost is $4 million. The company
seeks a U.S. partner that would co-invest in the project. Comfort R&V
will finance 50% of the total project cost.

Company web site:

Location: Yerevan, Armenia

Lead Link:

**Note** These opportunities are provided solely as an informational
service and do not represent an endorsement by the U.S. Department of
Commerce. Verification of these leads is the responsibility of the reader.

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ARMENIA: THE IMPORTED BUILDING MATERIALS MARKET

1. This cable reviews the market for imported building materials in
Armenia as of December 2004.

The report describes the market size and U.S. market share in Armenia,
and lists major market suppliers and best sales prospects for U.S.
companies. It also includes a list of major importers and key contacts
in the building products sector. End Summary.

Full text available at:

*************************************************************************
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********** Provided by: ************************************************** **
Irina C. Mitchell, BISNIS Trade Specialist for Construction Industry
U.S. Department of Commerce
Tel: 202/482-3729, Fax: 202/482-2293
e-mail: [email protected]

http://www.bisnis.doc.gov/bisnis/lead.cfm?1343
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Agency reports staff changes in Armenian government

Agency reports staff changes in Armenian government

Arminfo
12 Jan 05

YEREVAN

Under a decision of Armenian Prime Minister Andranik Markaryan,
Meruzhan Mikaelyan has been relieved of the post of deputy minister of
finance and economy, the press service of the Armenian government has
informed Arminfo news agency.

According to the source, under another decision of the prime minister,
Anatoliy Avakyan has been relieved of the post of deputy justice
minister and Karine Akopyan of the post of deputy minister of labour
and social security.

Kocharian congratulates Palestinian leader on election victory

Armenian president congratulates Palestinian leader on election victory

Armenian Radio First Programme, Yerevan
12 Jan 05

Armenian President Robert Kocharyan today sent a congratulatory
message to Mahmud Abbas, chairman of the Executive Committee of the
Palestine Liberation Organization [PLO], on his election as the chief
of the Palestinian National Authority.

The Armenian president wished the newly-elected chairman good health
and success in his work and expressed confidence that the vote of
confidence gained during his election will be the main basis for
maintaining peace and stability in the region during his
administration.

ASBAREZ Online [01-10-2005]

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01/10/2005
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1) Armenian & Greek Leaders Discuss EU Issues with Congressman Robert Andrews
during California Visit
2) OSCE Minsk Co-chair Calls for Azeri Concession
3) Another Assault by a Yesihva Student on an Armenian Priest
4) Prelate’s New Year and Christmas Dinner Complete Success

1) Armenian & Greek Leaders Discuss EU Issues with Congressman Robert Andrews
during California Visit

GLENDALE–Members of the Board of Directors of the Armenian National Committee
of America-Western Region (ANCA-WR), along with members of the Board of
Directors of the American Hellenic Council (AHC), met with Congressman Robert
Andrews (D-NJ) at the ANCA-WR headquarters in Glendale, California during the
Congressman’s visit to Southern California on December 27. Representatives of
the ANCA-WR and the AHC voiced their concerns about the Republic of Turkey’s
attempts to join the European Union among other issues related to American
foreign policy in regard to Armenia, Greece, and Cyprus.
ANCA-WR Executive Director Ardashes Kassakhian thanked the Congressman for
his
support of the Greek and Armenian communities. Explaining that the Greek and
Armenian communities were very concerned with the United States’ active
role in
advancing Turkey’s ambitions for EU membership, Kassakhian pointed out that
Turkey has to conform to and adopt the basic standards of human rights by
which
the EU nations and the US abide. In addition to emphasizing Turkey’s overall
abysmal record on human rights, Kassakhian told Congressman Andrews of the
importance of including recognition of the Armenian genocide as a precondition
to Turkey’s entry into the EU.
AHC President Dinos Andrianos expressed the Greek American community’s
concerns regarding the tacit US support of the controversial Annan Plan for
Cyprus which favors Turkey’s position. The plan proposed by UN Secretary
General Kofi Annan would require that the Turkish occupying force vacate most
of northern Cyprus, but allow Turkey to retain control of key areas on the
island nation. Cypriots have overwhelmingly rejected the Annan Plan as have
Armenian Cypriots.
Congressman Andrews urged the ANC and AHC to continue their bipartisan
outreach to members of Congress, adding that the public awareness campaign is
working within the halls of Congress where most of the members are supportive
of Armenian and Greek issues. Congressman Andrews commended the ANC and AHC
for
keeping their respective communities informed and involved in the political
process.
Representing New Jersey’s 1st Congressional District, Congressman Andrews
is a
member of the Congressional Caucus on Armenian Issues. He sits on the House of
Representatives Select Committee on Homeland Security and the Education and
Workforce Committee. The Congressman has consistently supported Armenian
issues
and has earned an A or better on the ANCA Congressional Report Card during the
last two election cycles.
The American Hellenic Council (AHC) is a non-partisan political advocacy
organization based in California, whose purpose of AHC is to lobby and inform
congress about Greek American interests and issues.

2) OSCE Minsk Co-chair Calls for Azeri Concession

BAKU (Armenpress)–According to an interview published in the Azeri daily
Ekspress, the Russian co-chairman of the OSCE Minsk Group revealed that
Armenian and Azeri officials are negotiating an agreement to the Mountainous
Karabagh conflict.
Russian diplomat Yuri Merzlyakov also called on Azerbaijan to make
concessions
during upcoming talks between Azeri and Armenian foreign ministers Elmar
Mamedyarov and Vartan Oskanian in Prague.
Yuri Merzlyakov described the scheduled January 11 talks in Prague as
“decisive,” saying that “Armenia has agreed to some concessions. Now, it is
Azerbaijan’s turn.”
Azeri President Ilham Aliyev recently told his Security Council that a new
stage in settling the Karabagh conflict has begun, and that the Prague process
foresees a resolution to the conflict that would be “favorable to Azerbaijan.”
Merzlyakov reacted, saying that though proposals put forth by Baku would not
be ruled out, mutual steps must be taken, and desire must be “demonstrated and
coordinated.”
“Dialogue can continue towards a final resolution–should the Prague meeting
produce any specific results,” the Russian co-chairman stressed. He said the
meeting of the ministers “will cast some light on many questions about the
evaluation of the situation, specific proposals and prospects of holding more
talks: Armenia has agreed to some concessions. Now, it is Azerbaijan’s turn.”

3) Another Assault by a Yesihva Student on an Armenian Priest

By Bedross Der Matossian

JERUSALEM–While Armenians all over the world were celebrating Christmas on
January 6, Armenians of Jerusalem were celebrating the feast of Saint James
the
Lesser First Bishop of Jerusalem and the feast of King David.
On the same day, Father Avedis Ipradjian woke up early to go to the Church of
Virgin Mary to conduct mass. After completing his duties, he returned back to
the Monastery of St. James to take part in the Holy Mass.
“While I was standing in front of the Monastery’s main gate, a Yeshiva
student
came and spat on me,” he said. Father Avedis, who did not resort to any
kind of
violence, tried to convince the Yeshiva student to go with him to the police
station and resolve the issue peacefully. “I told him that he has to apologize
for the incident and go with me to the police station, but, on the
contrary, he
continued cursing at me,” Father Avedis said furiously.
While the altercation between Father Avedis and the Yeshiva student was
taking
place, a taxi carrying four Yeshiva students stopped nearby. The students
immediately came to aid of the Yeshiva Student. “Suddenly, one of them
attacked
me and I still did not resort to any kind of violence,” Father Avedis said.
Meanwhile, a representative from the Foreign Ministry, who happened to be in
the area and was accompanied by European diplomats and Israeli security,
immediately came to the aid of Father Avedis. “The official immediately ran
towards me and asked me if I need any help…Then he tried to stop the Yeshiva
students, but he himself was assaulted. Consequently, the Israeli security
interfered and tried to detain the Yeshiva students,” he said.
After the arrival of the police, the four Yeshiva students were arrested and
taken to the nearby police station. Father Avedis was also called to give a
statement.
Bishop Aris Shirvanian, director of ecumenical and foreign relations of the
Patriarchate of the Armenian Orthodox Church in the Holy Land, who had gone
directly to the police station, contacted Mr. Mordechai Levi, the newly
appointed advisor on Christian affairs to Jerusalem Mayor Uri Lupolianski.
“Right away, Mr. Levi rushed to the police station and condemned the
incident,”
Bishop Shirvanian said.
That same evening, the Jerusalem Post reported that the assault on the priest
was immediately condemned by the New York-based Anti Defamation League, and,
later, by the Mayor of Jerusalem. “This kind of behavior is outrageous,
inappropriate, and goes against all Jewish teachings,” said the Co-Director of
the ADL’s Israel Office Laura Kam Issacharoff to the Jerusalem Post. Moreover,
according to the Jerusalem Post, Mayor Uri Lupolianski also condemned the
attack, which he called a “despicable act…likely to harm the delicate
relations that exist in Jerusalem.” The Mayor added, “Jewish people, who were
subject to centuries of persecution abroad, should be the first to show
tolerance and moderation to others.”
According to Bishop Shirvanian, this kind of assault is not only against the
Armenians, but is also directed against all the Christian denominations. He
added that behavior of the sort is restricted only to an extreme segment of
Orthodox Jews. “During a meeting between the Christian church leaders and the
Jewish Orthodox Rabbis last month, the Jewish Orthodox leaders condemned these
kinds of acts,” Bishop Shirvanian said.
Father Norayr Kazazian, who also rushed to the police station, expressed
concern that such incidents are still occurring. “We all have to learn to live
peacefully with each other and respect each other. Jerusalem is not only a
Holy
place for the Jews, but also for Christians and Muslims.”
This is the second assault on an Armenian clergy in the last three months. In
October 2003, Bishop Nourhan Manougian was assaulted by a Yeshiva student
while
leading a procession marking the Exaltation of the Holy Cross near the Church
of the Holy Sepulcher in the Old City.

4) Prelate’s New Year and Christmas Dinner Complete Success

LOS ANGELES–On January 6, Western Prelacy supporters gathered at Montebello’s
Baghramian Hall to celebrate Armenian Christmas Eve at the Prelate’s
traditional New Year and Christmas Dinner. Present at the joyous event were
representatives of various Armenian organizations, numerous dignitaries,
including Consul General of the Republic of Armenia Gagik Kirakosian and loyal
supporters of the Prelacy’s mission.
Under the auspices of Prelate Bishop Mousegh Mardirossian, several large
contributions highlighted the evening’s festivities. Mrs. Ashkhen Pilavjian
made a donation of $200,000 to sponsor the ARS Preschool of the San Fernando
Valley. Philanthropist Charles Keyan, who had established a $50,000
scholarship
fund for Mesrobian High School in 2004, boosted the total sum to $100,000.
Mrs.
Rose Kasimian donated $150,000 to the Prelacy in memory of her late husband,
Mr. Kegham Kasimian. Mrs. Kasimian will be sponsoring the Media Department of
the Prelacy as well as a Khachkar and several religious publications.
A donation of $50,000 from the Compatriotic Union of Ourfa will be
used to
sponsor the Western Memorial Wall of the Prelacy Building, as well as a
khachkar and a fountain on the premises.
Longtime Prelacy supporters, Mr. and Mrs. John and Asdghig Bedrosian, who
have hosted the annual dinner for several years now, also made a generous
donation to the newly established Mortgage Burning Fund for the Prelacy
building.

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Merry Christmas, old calendar says

New York Daily News, NY
Jan 8 2005

Merry Christmas, old calendar says

Viken Markarian and his brother Vasken were given money, clothing and
gift bags on Dec. 25, and later that day, the family sat down to a
turkey dinner with all the traditional trimmings.
But, strictly speaking, they were not celebrating Christmas. Their
Christmas was two days ago – and there were no presents.

Viken, 19, and Vasken, 14, and their parents, who live in Jackson
Heights, Queens, are Armenian. They celebrate Christmas on Jan. 6, a
date dictated by the old Julian calendar.

“It sounds crazy to some of my friends,” Viken said after services
Wednesday night at the St. Vartan Armenian Cathedral, on the East
Side of Manhattan. “But, it’s our way.”

The calendar that set Dec. 25 as Christmas is called the Gregorian
calendar because it was adopted during the reign of Pope Gregory XIII
in the late 16th century. It replaced the Julian calendar, named for
Julius Caesar, which incorrectly gave each year an extra 11-1/2
minutes and thus made the dates for Easter and other important
Christian holidays increasingly inaccurate.

Most of the Christian world quickly adopted the Gregorian calendar,
but some ethnic or national Orthodox churches, as well as the
Armenian Church of America, still honor the old Julian calendar for
traditional liturgical reasons – after all, they argue, it was the
one in use when most Christian dogma was formulated.

“At least we’re not the only ones out of step,” one usher at St.
Vartan said. “Ukrainians, Bulgarians, Romanians, you name it – their
Christmas is Jan. 6, too.”

Still, contemporary cultural influences are so strong that even
old-calendar Christians who do not celebrate Dec. 25 as the birth
date of Jesus often exchange gifts on that day. In some cases, there
are gifts on Jan. 6, although this is by no means established
tradition.

“We’ve already had our Christmas,” Vasken said. “We’re not going to
get anything else.” But Jan. 6 is still a special day for the
Armenian community.

There are about 1 million members of the Armenian Church of America
in the United States and Canada, with metropolitan New York home to
the largest single community. This does not include members of the
Armenian Catholic Church, which is allied with Rome and observes
Christmas on Dec. 25.

“For us, Christmas is not exclusively a religious holiday,” said the
Rev. Mardiros Chevian, dean (administrator) of St. Vartan for the
past dozen years. “It’s also a family and community holiday.”

It was Chevian who led the liturgically elaborate Christmas Eve
services Wednesday, while his superior, Archbishop Khajag Barsamian,
spiritual leader of Armenians living everywhere in the United States
except California, Washington, Arizona and Nevada, celebrated the
Christmas Day service Thursday that traditionally ends with the
triumphant proclamation “Christ is born and revealed.”

At the Christmas Eve service, 40 robed teenagers read scriptural
passages before Chevian, a Rhode Islander who was ordained 20 years
ago at St. Vartan, led the hour-long Mass, assisted by six deacons
and a choir singing in Armenian.

After the service, Chevian said that it was impossible for the
congregation – or himself – to ignore the traditional trappings of
the “other Christian” denomination that celebrated Dec. 25.

“Look at that,” he said, pointing to a tall, impressively decorated
Christmas tree standing outside the main entrance to the sanctuary.
“It’s not Armenian, but we recognize the reality of where we are.”
There also were heaps of poinsettias around the altar, another
seasonal touch with no basis in Armenian tradition.

He also displayed a letter he had written to school superintendents
or principals, asking them to allow their Armenian students to skip
classes on Jan. 6 to observe the Christmas holiday. “They usually
excuse our students,” Chevian said. “New Yorkers know about other
people’s holidays.”

In turn, St. Vartan frequently plays host to non-Armenian tour
groups, many of them from public schools. About 100 are scheduled to
visit in the next week or so. “We’ll show them around and tell them
some stories, then give them some Armenian pastry,” Chevian said.

How about exchanges of greetings?

“No problem,” Viken said. “They say, ‘Merry Christmas.’ We say,
‘Shnorhavor soorp dznoont.'”

ARS Help to Tsunami Victims

ARMENIAN RELIEF SOCIETY, INC.
CENTRAL EXECUTIVE BOARD
Armenian Relief Society, Inc. Telephone£ 617-926-5892
Central Office Fax£ 617-926-4855
80 Bigelow Avenue e-mail£ secretary@_ars1910_
(mailto:[email protected]) .org
Watertown, MA 02472 Website:

P R E S S R E L E A S E

The ARS Brings its Share to the World-Wide Relief Efforts for the
Tsunami Victims The Central Executive Board of the Armenian Relief
Society has expressed its sympathy and support to the diplomatic
representatives of countries devastated by the recent Tsunami in
South-East Asia, in writing as well asthrough a donation made to the
International Red Cross specifically for the relief funds set up for
the countless victims of this unprecedented disaster.

The ARS Central has also instructed all its entities in 24 different
countries to contact the local embassies of the stricken countries to
pledge their support and assistance, as needed.
30 December, 2004

Starting November 1, 2004 the ARS Inc. Office’s email addresses will change
to the following:

Central Executive Board: [email protected]
Office Manager : [email protected]
Executive Secretary : [email protected]
ARS Orphans Program : [email protected]
ARS Publications : [email protected]

www.ars1910.org

BAKU: Thaw in Baku-Tehran relations

AzerNews, Azerbaijan
Dec 29 2004

Thaw in Baku-Tehran relations

The visit by Iranian Defense Minister Ali Shamkhani to Baku was
considered one of the most important events of last week not only for
Azerbaijani public but also for western countries and Russia, which
maintain close relations with Azerbaijan. After the visit by the
Iranian President Khatami to Azerbaijan

last summer and the appointment of an energetic and active diplomat
Afshar Suleymani as Iran’s ambassador, who is approved of by Baku,
the relations between the two neighboring countries started to thaw.
On the eve of President Ilham Aliyev’s upcoming reciprocal visit to
Iran, visits by Iranian officials to Baku have become frequent.

A recent visit by Iranian deputy foreign minister was followed by
that of the country’s defense minister Shamkhani. This was the first
visit by an Iranian defense minister to Azerbaijan.
The Iranian Minister was received not only by his Azerbaijani
counterpart but also by President Ilham Aliyev and Foreign Minister
Elmar Mammadyarov. As expected, no documents were signed upon
conclusion of the talks.

Iran ready to forge any ties
In a meeting with Azerbaijani Defense Minister Safar Abiyev, which
was held in a friendly atmosphere, the parties confined themselves to
conventional statements. Shamkhani said that Iran has always
supported and will continue to back Azerbaijan’s territorial
integrity.
“Azerbaijan’s security is our security. Our defense capability means
your defense capability. We are ready to establish any ties with
Azerbaijan and there are no forces opposed to this.”
Minister Abiyev in turn, said that Iran, which considers Azerbaijan a
brotherly country, should assist in a fair settlement of the Upper
Garabagh conflict. Abiyev pointed out that “Azerbaijan will not yield
a patch of its land to the aggressor”.
The parties also exchanged views on developing Azeri-Iranian
relations in the area of defense and agreed upon mutual visits by the
two countries’ delegations to continue relevant consultations.
Independent analysts have issued conflicting views on Shamkhani’s
statement. Some say that Iran has started getting closer to
Azerbaijan.
Similar statements were made at Shamkhani’s meetings with the
Azerbaijani President and Foreign Minister.
President Aliyev, in the meeting with the Iranian minister, said that
Iran’s high-ranking officials have frequently visited Azerbaijan over
the last few months, which illustrates the expanding relations. The
successfully developing Azerbaijani-Iranian ties also promote
strengthening peace and stability in the region, the President added.

History
Azerbaijani people have always been interested in developing
relations with Iran. This is, first of all, explained by the fact
that there are over 30 million indigenous Azerbaijani Turks, who have
lived in the northern part of Iran for thousands of years.
In early 1990s, during the national liberation movement in
Azerbaijan, which was then a part of the Soviet Union, residents of
borderline regions, destroying the barbed wires and other borderline
structures, opened arms to their brethren who had a similar language
and religion, hopeful that the latter will assist them in repelling
the Russo-Armenian onslaught.
In those years, Iran tried to assume the role of a mediator in the
resolution of the Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict. Twice, on the
initiative of t e then President of Iran – in February in March of
1992, the presidents of Azerbaijan and Armenia were invited to Tehran
to hold peace talks in order to achieve a ceasefire and
reconciliation. However, as soon as the negotiations started, the
Russo-Armenian troops entered Khojaly and neighboring villages and
perpetrated the well-known massacre.
Similar developments took place in May, as the main town in Garabagh,
Shusha, was invaded.
Azerbaijanis realized then that superpowers and certain forces in
Armenia let Iran know that it should abandon its mission of
intermediary. However, the ensuing development of economic relations
between Iran and Armenia, supplies of Iranian energy resources and
vital goods to Armenia was complicating the ties between Iran and
Azerbaijan.
Due to its ties with Iran, Armenia was not considerably affected by
the ‘economic blockade on part of Azerbaijan and Turkey’,
persistently promulgated by this country in the international arena.
Considering the good relations between Iran and Russia, Iran can be
considered a ‘key factor’ for Armenia. This brings us to the
question: why has Iran unexpectedly decided to ‘break the ice’ in its
relationship with Azerbaijan?

Visit goal
Some experts say that Iranian officials tend to favor the neighboring
country’s aspiration to cooperate but also its global goals. More
precisely, Iran is trying to minimize the presence of the United
States in the region. This country’s key goal is to prevent
Azerbaijan’s becoming a forepost for US troops and members of the
anti-terror coalition in their struggle against Iran.
Competent analysts say that the issue of the US military presence in
Azerbaijan will be finally resolved as early as in 2005. This may
happen under the pretext of safeguarding the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan
pipeline, the main export pipeline to take Azerbaijan’s oil to world
markets.
A reliable military source said that the key objective of Shamkhani’s
visit to Baku was to “eliminate the latent military stand-off between
the two countries” and learn Azerbaijan’s future policy with regard
to Iran. Many still remember the violation of Azerbaijan’s maritime
border and air space by Iranian aircraft and vessels.
Some pundits believe that in a move to prevent the possibility of
stationing NATO bases in Azerbaijan, Shamkhani presumably offered to
the Azerbaijani government a full support in resolving the Upper
Garabagh problem and weakening of its ties with Armenia. It appears
that otherwise the Azerbaijani government would simply have no reason
to negotiate with Iran.
The mentioned issues are to be clarified during the upcoming visits
by the Azerbaijani President and Defense Minister to Iran.
During Minister Abiyev’s visit, the parties may sign an agreement on
military and technical collaboration.

Prospects
Some analysts say that Azerbaijan, as an independent country, is
pursuing a balanced policy, which meets the country’s national
interests.
Most of the experts we have approached, however, say they see no
prospects for Iran-Azerbaijan military ties, and warn that by getting
closer to Iran, Azerbaijan is backing away from its positions on its
road of integration with Europe and may even enter the ‘list of the
United States’ opponents. Active visits by Iran’s representatives to
Azerbaijan are believed to have started after the NATO exercises were
cancelled in Baku this September. They warn that a change in
Azerbaijan’s strategic priorities may turn out costly for the
country.