Investigations of Underground Waters To Be Resumed in Armenia

INVESTIGATIONS OF UNDERGROUND WATERS TO BE RESUMED IN ARMENIA

Yerevan, February 2. ArmInfo. Monitoring of underground waters will be
resumed this year, it was informed at today’s seminar with regard to
the coming investigations of underground waters, organized by the
USAID and the RA Nature Conservation Ministry.

According to the USAID Program Director for water resources, Ton
Lennarts, by the preliminary calculations, about $100,000 per year
will be spent for the monitoring. He said it is impossible to control
the water quality and its distribution in the Republic without a
monitoring.

OSCE PA President in Armenia

National Assembly of RA, Armenia
Feb 2 2007

OSCE PA President in Armenia

On February 4 the delegation headed by the President of the OSCE
Parliamentary Assembly Mr. Göran Lennmarker will arrive in Armenia.
On February 5 the delegation is scheduled to meet with the delegation
of the National Assembly in the OSCE PA, members of the NA Standing
Committee on Foreign Relations and President of the National Assembly
Mr. Tigran Torosyan in parliament.

The same day a meeting with RA Foreign Minister Mr. Vartan Oskanian
is expected. The members of the delegation headed by Mr. Göran
Lennmarker will meet with NGO representatives as well.

ANKARA: Three more arrested in Turkey in journalist killing case

Anatolia News Agency, Turkey
Jan 30 2007

Three more arrested in Turkey in journalist killing case

Trabzon, 30 January: Three more people have been detained in the
northern city of Trabzon in connection with the killing of journalist
Hrant Dink.

Upon testimonies of suspects, security forces detained three more
people in Trabzon.

The detainees were sent to Istanbul for interrogation.

Fifty-two-year-old Dink, editor-in-chief of the Turkish-Armenian
weekly Agos, was shot dead outside his newspaper’s office in Istanbul
on 19 January.

Armenian Church Participates in Week of Prayer for Christian Unity

PRESS RELEASE
Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin, Information Services
Address:  Vagharshapat, Republic of Armenia
Contact:  Rev. Fr. Ktrij Devejian
Tel:  +374-10-517163
Fax:  +374-10-517301
E-Mail:  [email protected]
Website: 
January 30, 2007

Armenian Church Participates in Week of Prayer for Christian Unity in the
Vatican

ROME:  The Roman Catholic Church has organized and hosted the "Week of
Prayer for Christian Unity" for the past number of years.  This year, on
January 25, His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI presided during an ecumenical
service at St. Peter’s Basilica in Vatican City, which was the closing event
of the Week of Prayer.

The Armenian Church was a participant in the service alongside many clergy
and laymen from the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Ancient Orthodox and
Anglican Churches.  Representing the Armenian Church this year was Very Rev.
Fr. Aren Shahinian, pastor of the Italian-Armenian community and member of
the Brotherhood of Holy Etchmiadzin.  He was accompanied by Rev. Fr. Geghard
Vahuni, Rev. Fr. Moushegh Babayan and Rev. Fr. Ruben Zargarian, all
currently continuing their theological educations in institutions of higher
learning in Rome.

At the conclusion of the service, Fr. Shahinian extended the warm fraternal
greetings and best wishes of His Holiness Karekin II, Catholicos of All
Armenians, to His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI.

Also on January 25, an ecumenical service took place in Milan with the
participation of members of the Armenian community of Milan and the
"Norahrash" choir and deacons of the Armenian Church of the Forty Martyrs. 
During the ecumenical service, all present observed a moment of silence in
memory of Hrant Dink, the recently assassinated human rights activist and
editor of the "Agos" Weekly newspaper of Istanbul.

www.armenianchurch.org

AYF-YOARF Members Remember Assassinated Armenian Journalist H. Dink

Armenian Youth Federation-YOARF Eastern US
80 Bigelow Ave
Watertown, MA 02472
Tel. (617) 923-1933
Fax (617) 924-1933

PRESS RELEASE
Contact: Dzovig Essajanian
(617) 923-1933
January 27, 2007

AYF-YOARF Members Remember Assassinated Armenian Journalist Hrant Dink

WATERTOWN, Mass. – Since the January 19 assassination of
Istanbul-based Armenian journalist Hrant Dink, members of Armenian
Youth Federation-Youth Organization of the Armenian Revolutionary
Federation (AYF-YOARF) Eastern Region have honored his memory within
their local communities through rallies and vigils.

Dink was assassinated outside the offices of the Armenian and Turkish
language Agos newspaper in Istanbul. As the newspaper’s founder and
editor Dink aimed to make the publication a voice of democracy in
Turkey, a place where discrimination against the Armenians could be
heard, and a site of dialogue between Armenian and Turkish
communities.

Last year the 53-year-old editor was found guilty and given a
suspended six-month sentence in Turkey for "insulting Turkishness"
under the Turkish Penal Code because he talked about Armenian identity
and the Genocide.

On January 24, members of the Chicago Ararat chapter attended a
demonstration outside the Turkish consulate expressing their concern
over Dink’s murder. On the same day the Washington Ani AYF chapter
joined by their local ARF and the Greater Washington chapter of the
Armenian National Committee (ANC) gathered outside the Turkish Embassy
to condemn Dink’s assassination. The group called for an end to the
repression of free speech in Turkey and for the recognition of the
Armenian Genocide. A day earlier members of the New York Hyortik
chapter attended a vigil held outside the Turkish Consulate and the
United Nations, where nearly 2,000 people were in attendance to
remember Dink.

AYF-YOARF central executive member Levon Attarian participated in a
memorial ceremony on January 23 held at the Rhode Island State House
where Governer Don Cacieri spoke along with other prominent members of
the community. `Although this was a sad and unfortunate even, it was
great to see the Armenian Community from all three Churches attend
this event held by the ANC in order to show our unity during this
tragic loss to Armenia nation. It shows how the ANC as an
organization can bridge the gaps within the different communities here
in Rhode Island.,’ said Attarian.

On January 23 funeral services were held for Dink at the Kumkapı
Armenian Church in Turkey that turned into a protest of around 100,000
people who took to the streets of Istanbul. .

In Boston, AYF members and community organizations gathered for a
vigil at St. James church in Watertown, Mass., where Greater Boston
Nejdeh chapter members remembered Dink’s work and words. The following
day, the Philadelphia AYF and ARF along with other local community
groups held a memorial service at the stature of young Mher in front
of the Philadelphia art museum where a wreath will be laid in Dink’s
honor.

www.ayf.org

A Number Of Servicemen Decorated With Orders And Medals

A NUMBER OF SERVICEMEN DECORATED WITH ORDERS AND MEDALS ON OCCASION OF
15th ANNIVERSARY OF FOUNDATION OF RA ARMY

YEREVAN, JANUARY 29, NOYAN TAPAN. By RA President Robert Kocharian’s
January 26 decree, a number of military servicemen were decorated with
RA orders and medals on the occasion of the 15th anniversary of
foundation of the RA Armed Forces and considerable services in the
affair of army building as well as for bravery and valour displayed
when defending the borders of the Fatherland. Particularly, Colonel
Gevorg Ruben YENOKIAN and Colonel Zhirayr Hamlet POGHOSIAN were
decorated with the Martial Cross Order of 2nd degree. Colonels
Alexander GASPARIAN and Davit MANUKIAN were decorated with the "Vardan
Mamikonian" order. RA Deputy Defence Minister, Lieutenant General Artur
AGHABEKIAN, Colonel Sedrak SEDRAKIAN and other three Lieutenant
Colonels were decorated with the medals of 1st degree "For Services to
the Fatherland." 21 Major Generals, Colonels, Lieutenant Colonels and
two Majors were decorated with the medals of 2nd degree "For Services
to the Fatherland." As Noyan Tapan was informed by the RA President’s
Press Office, Professor Ara Babloyan, the Department Chief of the
Yerevan M.Heratsi State Medical University, Director General of the
"Arabkir" medical complex, Medical Sciences Doctor was decorated with
the Mkhitar Heratsi medal for the considerable contribution in
organization of the out-hospital treatment of servicemen.

Cypriot Armenians demonstrate

Cyprus News Agency
Jan 29 2007

Cypriot Armenians demonstrate

Armenian organisations in Cyprus staged a demonstration on Sunday at
the Armenian Nareg church in Nicosia to deplore the assassination of
Turkish journalist of Armenian origin Hrant Dink in Turkey.
Armenian Archbishop Varoujian said Hrant Dink was the most recent
martyr of the Armenian genocide, adding that “many Hrants will
follow but the guilt will continue to rest with Turkey until it
decides to wash it off with its own hands.“

Brief Summary of Violations and Obstacles Against the Heritage Party

PRESS RELEASE
The Heritage Party
7 Vazgen Sargsian Street
Yerevan, Armenia
Tel.: (+374 – 10) 27.00.03, 27.16.00 (temporary)
Fax: (+374 – 10) 52.48.46 (temporary)
Email: [email protected]; [email protected]
Website:

January 29, 2007

Brief Summary of Violations and Obstacles Against the Heritage Party in 2005
and 2006

Yerevan–Since the Heritage Party redefined its engagement in Armenia’s
civic life and political arena in the fall of 2005, the incumbent regime has
carried out campaigns of repression against party members in general and its
founder Raffi K. Hovannisian in particular.

In the lead-up to the constitutional referendum held on November 27, 2005,
the Heritage Party–which had prepared its own draft of constitutional
changes in May and opposed the version that was introduced by the ruling
powers–convened from November 25 to 27 a series of open public meetings at
Yerevan’s Liberty Square. The meetings were joined and endorsed by several
broad-based citizens’ groups and assemblies. To sabotage these efforts, the
administration imposed a variety of measures to block to their free and just
expression. Electronic media were ordered not to cover the event, and vans
and cars carrying participants from the country’s outlying regions were
stopped and turned away en route by the police. During the day, the local
authorities were commanded to organize concerts and other conflicting
activities at the same location. At night, they prevented participants from
accessing heating sources of any kind. On November 27 and 28, Heritage led
the opposition alliance in establishing at the Armenia Marriott Hotel an
unprecedented alternative information center regarding the referendum. Every
three hours, the center disseminated data on the latest election violations
and commissions of fraud, which were documented in polling stations across
the Republic.

Thereafter, on November 30, 2005, Raffi Hovannisian was detained at Yerevan’s
international airport for detailed questioning and inspection before heading
for Kiev, where he would attend the International Public Forum of the
Community for Democratic Choice. Awaited and confronted at the airport by
national security (formerly KGB) agents, Hovannisian was interrogated about
the purpose of his trip, the Armenian constitution, and other matters
unrelated to airport security. Hovannisian’s personal effects and papers
were individually examined on the pretext of a search for possible "state
secrets." Since that day, Hovannisian receives the same "special treatment"
upon each Yerevan departure.

The spiral of repression took a turn for the worse right after the massive
demonstration held on December 9, 2005, as Raffi Hovannisian read out the
"Citizens’ Demand for A Public Accounting"–a list of 21 questions addressed
to acting president R. Kocharian. In the days that followed, more than 3,000
citizens, including 72 intellectuals, joined this first-ever call for a
national audit of conduct of Armenia’s governors and governance system.

Since then, a black list wholly forbids Heritage and its founder from access
to all television media, which are all controlled and supervised by the
authorities. No television cameras or reporters are allowed to cover
Heritage’s news conferences, and all television companies–both state-run
and private–refuse to provide either free or paid airtime to Raffi
Hovannisian. Even the Press Club Plus program–which receives subsidies from
the Open Society Institute and is broadcast by the Yerevan Press Club on the
Yerkir Media television channel–invited Hovannisian and two other Heritage
members to appear in studio in the summer of 2006. In characteristic
application of the blacklist, just a few days before the program was to be
televised, the creators rescinded the invitation under the pretext of
technical difficulties. As even private advertising companies refuse
Heritage’s requests to place billboard advertisements, the official media
blockade is virtually total.

The mainstay of these repressions was achieved on March 4, 2006, when the
authorities instructed the Paronian State Theater to breach the law in the
form of the lease it had signed with Raffi Hovannisian (which was in effect
until 2007) and without judicial sanction to fasten an illegal lock on the
party’s central headquarters. To this day, Hovannisian continues to be
deprived of his property rights, and the party’s normal operations have been
paralyzed with the executive board and staff members being denied access to
their office space, necessary documents, and the party seal. Heritage’s
subsequent attempts to restore its rights by meticulous recourse and appeal
to law enforcement and the judicial system–the police, the prosecutor’s
office, and the courts–were met at all levels with unlawful rejections
issued by those "tribunes of justice" at the behest of the highest echelons
of power.

Moreover, in the late hours of March 8, exactly four days after party
headquarters had been forcibly shut down without a legal warrant,
unidentified individuals entered in clandestine fashion the already-locked
and sealed premises and, after circumventing the main computer’s password,
gained illegal entry into the party’s database which contains
constitutionally-protected information regarding the party, its membership
rolls, and its activities. After having examined the computer, experts from
the National Bureau of Investigation confirmed in their report to the police
department that the computer had been put in operational mode for 22-24
minutes, hooked up to an external monitor, and connected to a USB-type
memory-bearing flashcard of an unknown brand. The results of the
investigation demanded, therefore, that a criminal case be launched. In a
flagrant disregard of law and justice, however, the police department and
the prosecutor’s office refused to authorize such a probe, making dubious
references to the absence of corpus delicti. In effect, this
Watergate-inspired scandal in Armenia was neither investigated nor exposed.
The authors and beneficiaries of that inaction were the authorities and
their security apparatus which, having forced their way to the information
stored in the computer, then fine-tuned their fear-mongering political
persecution of Heritage’s regional office managers and rank-and-file members
alike. This methodology of threat and intimidation continues to this day.

Meanwhile, the president’s office piloted a negative media campaign–by
means of newspapers and television–against Raffi Hovannisian. The start of
this project of slander was announced by the presidential spokesperson who,
on December 12, 2005, declared that Hovannisian’s "Citizens’ Demand for A
Public Accounting"–which was joined by 3,000 citizens–"might be a secret
code written by a professional spy." In the months to follow, this
self-serving, hypocritical theme and corollary deflective tactic were
parroted by Hayots Ashkharh, Golos Armenii, Iravunk, and 168 Zham
newspapers. What is more, even the benevolent activities of Armenouhi
Hovannisian, Raffi Hovannisian’s wife, were not spared this ruthless
defamation. The media shamelessly accused Mrs. Hovannisian of diverting
funds provided by international organizations and donations made by Armenian
benefactors to her husband’s political agenda.

As the surveillance and smears got worse, Raffi Hovannisian sent a formal
letter of regret, dated April 21, 2006, to the head of the National Security
Service, General Gorik Hakobian. "I am saddened by the fact that limited
state resources are being wasted on individual manhunts which have no
connection whatsoever with national security," he noted.

Over the past months, Raffi Hovannisian and the Heritage Party have, under
varying pretexts, been deprived by national and municipal authorities of
renting both public and private halls for the exercise of their
constitutional right of peaceful assembly in Giumri, Vanadzor, Armavir,
Etchmiadzin, Yegheknadzor, Sisian, Kapan, and elsewhere. In Yerevan, the
authorities have denied Heritage’s request to rent the halls of the
Government Conference Facility, the Union of Architects, the Demirjian
Sports and Cultural Complex, the American University of Armenia, the
National Academy of Sciences, the Sundukian and Moscow Theaters, and so on.
Other political organizations have freely used, and even broadcasted from,
the very premises in question. All written applications by the party with
respect to renting meeting space have either received outlandish responses
or no answers at all from the persons in charge of the petitioned
institutions. The foregoing continues to reflect, among other things, a
long-standing policy to forbid, cancel, or otherwise prevent any meeting
between Raffi Hovannisian, the nation’s first foreign minister, and students
and faculty at Yerevan State University, Yerevan Engineering University,
Yerevan Agricultural Institute, Yerevan Institute of Economics, and other
academic establishments.

In addition, most of Heritage’s logos and office signs have been removed
from its regional offices. The same goes for small posters and flyers that
have sought to inform people about the dates and places of scheduled public
gatherings with Raffi Hovannisian and the Heritage Party.

Even internal party happenings are permanently monitored and obstructed. On
May 20, 2006, for instance, Raffi Hovannisian and a delegation of party
officials paid a visit to the village of Miasnikian in the Armavir region.
This meeting was still in progress when word came from the town of Armavir
that the party’s local office manager Levon Margarian had been arrested.
Before being released, he was told that the region’s law enforcement agency
knew about the forthcoming visit of Raffi Hovannisian and the other senior
party members. The police demanded that Margarian ensure that the meeting
did not take place; otherwise they would use force to disrupt it. Upon
arrival at Armavir, the Heritage Party leadership witnessed local police
units standing on the sidewalk across from the party’s regional
headquarters. It was apparent that they had been called in to intimidate
their fellow citizens and to ensure the prevention of the meeting. This
outrage notwithstanding, an open discussion between the party officials and
local residents took place as scheduled. Afterwards, Hovannisian walked to
the local police precinct and asked to meet with the district chief, Colonel
Gevorgian. Initially he was told that this would be arranged in 15 minutes,
but was then informed that Gevorgian had convened an urgent consultation and
could not receive him.

On May 22, the executive board of the Heritage Party sent a letter to police
chief General Haik Harutiunian demanding a full explanation and assessment
of these unlawful and unconstitutional acts. On July 17, head of the police
headquarters, Edward Ghazarian, forwarded a reply that reads: "The
examinations have shown that the arguments made in the letter, with respect
to unlawful police actions, are unsubstantiated."

In a separate development on May 24, Heritage forwarded a formal letter to
Yegheknadzor mayor Sirak Babayan requesting an explanation for his refusal
to lease a standard meeting hall for a public assembly on May 6. The letter
was sent after the party’s logo mysteriously disappeared from office walls,
event flyers were confiscated, and threat-implying "explanatory" visits were
made by state security agents to the homes and workplaces of active
citizens. Heritage has yet to receive a reply.
These are but a few exemplary links in a calculated and long-standing
program of fear-driven intimidation and fear-creating persecution.

On the eve of parliamentary elections, it is manifest that the Heritage
Party is (a) locked out of its central offices and denied access to its
office documents and computer system, (b) refused any and all access to
television, (c) deprived of its right to hold normal public gatherings, (d)
in a markedly uneven financial-material playing field that precludes a fair
competition with pro-establishment parties, and (e) endeavoring to function
while its members are constantly pursued and harassed, and with its database
broken into and compromised.

In this light, Heritage:
— states that this situation cannot, under any circumstance, be considered
congruent with the constitutional terms for respect of equal political and
civil rights;
— accordingly affirms that it finds itself, and now enters the
pre-election season, in patently unequal conditions;
— asserts that, because of these unequal conditions maintained in every
way by the incumbent authorities against their opponents, the organization
and conduct of free, fair, and transparent parliamentary and presidential
elections are now in real jeopardy; and
— therefore expects that the international community and Armenian civil
society will exert every effort to ensure, as quickly and effectively as
possible, that the nation’s current rulers abstain from unconstitutional and
unlawful measures and instead guarantee equal access, healthy competition,
and complete freedom for all participants in the political process.

www.heritage.am

Levon Aronian Wins at Last Stage of Chess Super Tournament

LEVON ARONIAN WINS AT LAST STAGE OF CHESS SUPER TOURNAMENT

YEREVAN, JANUARY 29, NOYAN TAPAN – ARMENIANS TODAY. The international
super tournament of chess finished in the city of Wijk Aan Zee,
Holland, on January 28. Leader of Armenia Levon Aronian won Sergey
Tivyakov (Holland) at the last 13th stage, got 8.5 points and shared
the 1st-3rd places with Vesselin Topalov (Bulgaria), Teymur Rajabov
(Azerbaijan). In the second tournament Gabriel Sargsian got 8 points
from the 13 possible ones and shared the 2nd-5th places with 4 chess
players.

TBILISI: Bleak Prospects for Armenia’s Involvement in KAB Rail Proj.

The Georgian Times, Georgia
Jan 27 2007

Bleak Prospects for Armenia’s Involvement in Karsi-Akhalkalaki-Baku
Railway Project

As Georgia and Azerbaijan are pushing ahead with
Karsi-Akhalkalaki-Baku railway, Armenia has raised its voice for its
involvement in already third big regional project.

Armenian Deputy Foreign Minister said Thursday Armenia is ready to
open the border with Turkey and give a kick to
Kars-Guimri-Akhalkalaki railway which has been idle since 1992.

Although Armenia’s inclusion in the railway project would be a real
bonanza to the regional cooperation in South Caucasus, it seems too
implausible with the presence of the Nagorno-Karabgah conflict.

On January 15, Minister of Economic Development of Georgia Giorgi
Arveladze and Azerbaijan’s Transport Minister Zia Mamedov signed an
agreement in Tbilisi to provide much-needed funding for
Kars-Akhalkalaki-Tbilisi-Baku railway. Georgia will receive 220m USD
loan from Azerbaijan for a maturity of 25 years at a 1-percent annual
interest rate.

The Kars-Akhalkalaki-Tbilisi-Baku railway will run for 258kms
crossing the three countries. Georgia needs 200 M USD to rebuild
Marabda-Akhalkalaki and Kartsakhi-Akhalkalaki railway link and
construct running gears shop in Akhalkalaki.

The signing comes less than a week after Matthew Bryza reiterated the
US support to Armenia’s involvement in the project.

PanARMENIAN.Net quoted him as saying: `We would like the railway,
which connects Turkey with Baku, to pass through Armenia, since it
reflects our policy. Second, from economic point of view it is more
expedient to connect Turkey and Georgia through Armenian territory.
But we cannot make decisions on that issue. Investors themselves push
forward investment plans, which are more profitable for them. If
Azerbaijan, Turkey and Georgia want to construct a railway, of
course, we cannot object. But we do not particularly support that
project. We hope that in near future we will see such a
transportation scheme, which includes all the countries of the
region,’ said Bryza.

The Armenian-American lobbies successfully lobbied the US Senate last
year to ban funding Turkey-Georgia-Azerbaijan rail link which would
bypass Armenia. The amendments approved by the Senate Banking,
Housing and Urban Affairs Committee to the Export-Import Bank
Reauthorization Act, states that `The Bank shall not guarantee,
ensure or extend (or participate in the extension of) of credit in
connection with the export of any good or service relating to the
development or promotion any railway connection that does not
traverse or connect with Armenia and does not traverse or connect
with Baku, Azerbaijan, Tbilisi, Georgia and Kars, Turkey.’

Turkey thus fur has snubbed calls by the US and Europe to reopen the
border with Armenia, including Kars-Gyumri railway which was
predominantly used for passenger transportation in the Soviet times
and was the only railway immediately connecting the USSR with Turkey.

Although Turkey was one of the first countries to recognize Armenia’s
independence from the USSR, it has seen its relations with Yerevan
marred by 1915 genocide allegations. Yerevan asserts that some 1.5m
Armenians were killed in 1915 in Turkey and seeks international
recognition of the genocide.

Yet another motivation for Turkey to keep the border closed is its
solidarity with Azerbaijan, which came to war with Armenia over
Nagorno-Karabagh region. Turkey imposed a blockade on Armenia in 1993
during the armed conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia.

The Nagorno-Karabagh conflict remains the main glitch not only in the
relations between Ankara and Yerevan but more importantly in the
regional cooperation between the three South Caucasus countries and
the reason for increasing isolation of Armenia.

The world politics has witnessed a resurgence of regionalism since
the late 1980s and there are calls for strengthened regionalist
arrangements. The South Caucasus emerged as a single region in 1990s
with the collapse of the USSR, as it detached itself from the
dominant power Russia in the north, and from Turkey and Iran in the
south. There is certain cultural proximity between the three
countries, the presence of the common Soviet legacy; geographical
settings bind Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia in a single region. The
international community would like to see a tighter regional
association and the EU’s decision to include Azerbaijan and Armenia
into the European Neighbourhood Policy due to Georgia’s Rose
Revolution can be cited as an example.

No wonder there is a strong desire from the West to see enhanced
cooperation, trade and prosperity in the region. The World Bank even
commissioned a research to identify the `peace dividends’, examine
the likely- short-term impacts of the lifting of blockades. The
report called `Changing Trade Patterns after Conflict Resolution in
South Caucasus’ says: `Potential peace benefits are highest for
Armenia, the country that suffers most from the blockades. Armenia
would annually save 6-8m dollars on the transport costs of non-energy
imports and 45m dollars on switching the flows of natural gas and
petroleum to new sources. The increase in experts may lead to up to
30-38 percent of GDP growth. Azerbaijan could increase its exports
by 100m dollars, or 11 percent of current level, slashing the trade
deficit by a quarter. As a result GDP would increase up to five
percent… Georgia might face a reduction of transit through its
territory. Nevertheless, it is unlikely to exceed a quarter of the
freight service surplus in the bop, or 1.5 percent of trade deficit.’

By Keti Khachidze,