Turkish foreign minister Gul meets EU officials on extending customs

Turkish foreign minister Gul meets EU officials on extending customs
accord to Cyprus

AP Worldstream
Apr 26, 2005

CONSTANT BRAND

Turkey’s foreign minister Abdullah Gul met top European Union
officials Tuesday to discuss how the two sides could implement a deal
to expand Ankara’s EU customs agreement to include Cyprus, a key
requirement to starting membership talks.

The 25-nation EU was also to review Ankara’s progress in enforcing
widespread reforms it wants completed before Turkey can start EU entry
talks this October. Those measures include boosting reform of the
judiciary and implementing minority rights.

The most sensitive item on the agenda was how Turkey would implement
the customs protocol, which Ankara said it would sign before the
planned start of entry talks in October.

Signing up to the protocol is seen by many EU countries, but not
Cyprus, as a de facto recognition by Turkey of the Greek Cypriot
government.

However, Turkey and EU Enlargement Commissioner Olli Rehn have argued
the protocol does not give such recognition, and is simply the
extension of a customs union to the 10 new member states which joined
last year.

Cyprus remains divided between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots.

Only the Greek Cypriot part of the island acceded to the EU last
year. Greek Cypriots rejected a U.N. reunification plan in a
referendum just before joining the EU. Turkish Cypriots voted
overwhelmingly to approve it.

European nations, the United States and others do not recognize the
Turkish Cypriot republic in the southern part of the island.

Turkey invaded Cyprus in 1974 to block a coup by Greek Cypriots, and
decades of diplomacy have failed to reunite the Mediterranean
island. About 40,000 Turkish troops remain in northern Cyprus, which
is controlled by Turkish Cypriots.

EU leaders made the signing of the protocol a precondition for opening
entry talks, which they made clear gives no guarantee of eventual
membership.

French Foreign Minister Michel Barnier said Monday it expects a “long
negotiating process” and reiterated that France would bring up the
touchy issue of recognition of the Armenian killings during World War
I which the French parliament has called a genocide.

“We will pose this question and we want a response,” Barnier said,
adding the “European project is one of reconciliation.”

Earlier this month Gul said his government was calling on Armenia to
jointly research the killings. Armenia accuses Turkey of genocide in
the killings of up to 1.5 million Armenians as part of a campaign to
force them out of eastern Turkey.

Ankara has denied this.

AAA: Pres. Bush Fails to Properly Characterize The Armenian Genocide

Armenian Assembly of America
122 C Street, NW, Suite 350
Washington, DC 20001
Phone: 202-393-3434
Fax: 202-638-4904
Email: [email protected]
Web:

PRESS RELEASE
April 25, 2005
CONTACT: Christine Kojoian
Email: [email protected]

PRESIDENT BUSH FAILS TO PROPERLY CHARACTERIZE THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE
White House Ignores Congressional, Community Calls to Instead Appease Turkey

WASHINGTON – While the Armenian Assembly today expressed appreciation
for President Bush’s commitment to seek a “deeper partnership” with
Yerevan, organizational leaders were disappointed the President did
not properly characterize the Armenian Genocide in his statement of
remembrance. In remarks issued yesterday, Bush labeled the Genocide
of 1915 as the “Great Calamity.”

Earlier this month, in a strong showing of bipartisan support, a
record number of 210 Members of the U.S. Senate and House of
Representatives urged President Bush to properly acknowledge the
Armenian Genocide in his statement of remembrance. Their calls were
bolstered by 37 American states that are also on record as affirming
the Genocide as well as 16 countries around the world.

“The Assembly is extremely dissatisfied with the President’s
characterization of the attempted annihilation of our people by
Ottoman Turkey,” said Assembly Executive Director Bryan Ardouny.
“This was a missed opportunity by the President to speak the truth
plainly, to once and for all avoid using evasive terminology which
only serves to support Turkey’s state-sponsored denial campaign.”

“April 24 is not only a solemn day for Armenians but for all victims
of genocide and other crimes against humanity,” Ardouny continued.
“The U.S. must take a firm stand to squarely reaffirm its own
historical record, which includes U.S. Ambassador to the Ottoman
Empire Henry Morgenthau’s description of those events as a ‘campaign
of race extermination.'”

While the President’s choice of words were in effect a textbook
definition of the crime, the statement this year again fell short of
his 2000 statement when Bush said, “Armenians were subjected to a
genocidal campaign that defies comprehension.”

Similarly, in a letter to the Armenian Assembly that same year, Bush
said, “Armenians were subjected to a genocidal campaign that defies
comprehension. Their travails should lead all decent people to
remember and acknowledge the facts and lessons of an awful crime in a
century of bloody crimes against humanity. If elected president, I
would ensure that our nation properly recognizes the tragic suffering
of the Armenian people.”

In his statement this year, the President also encouraged recent calls
by Ankara for a joint Turkish-Armenian study of the crimes. “The
historical record is clear and does not require a review,” Ardouny
said. “Such an initiative should not have been encouraged by the
Administration.”

President Robert Kocharian and his administration have publicly stated
that periodic calls by Turkey for a historical debate simply delay the
process of reconciling with the truth, since that accounting has
already been done. In 2000, for example, more than 120 Genocide and
Holocaust scholars from the U.S., Europe and Israel signed a statement
affirming the WWI Armenian Genocide as an incontestable historical
fact and urged the governments of Western democracies to likewise
recognize it as such. Further, at a September 2000 conference
co-sponsored by the Library of Congress and the Armenian National
Institute in cooperation with the United State Holocaust Memorial
Museum, entitled the “The American Response to the Armenian Genocide,”
a spokesperson for the Library of Congress stated that “the evidence
of genocide is incontrovertible.”

In his statement the President also says that the U.S. is grateful for
Armenia’s contributions to the war on terror and that America is
committed to supporting the country’s historic reforms and a peaceful
settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.

The Armenian Assembly of America is the largest Washington-based
nationwide organization promoting public understanding and awareness
of Armenian issues. It is a 501(c)(3) tax-exempt membership
organization.
###

NR# 2005-045

Editor’s Note: April 24, 2005 Statement from President George W. Bush
is attached.

The White House

For Immediate Release
Office of the Press Secretary

April 24, 2005

STATEMENT BY THE PRESIDENT

On Armenian Remembrance Day, we remember the forced exile and mass
killings of as many as 1.5 million Armenians during the last days of
the Ottoman Empire. This terrible event is what many Armenian people
have come to call the “Great Calamity.” I join my fellow Americans and
Armenian people around the world in expressing my deepest condolences
for this horrible loss of life. Today, as we commemorate the 90th
anniversary of this human tragedy and reflect on the suffering of the
Armenian people, we also look toward a promising future for an
independent Armenian state.

The United States is grateful for Armenia’s contributions to the war
on terror and to efforts to build a democratic and peaceful Iraq. We
remain committed to supporting the historic reforms Armenia has
pursued for over a decade. We call on the Government of Armenia to
advance democratic freedoms that will further advance the aspirations
of the Armenian people. We remain committed to a lasting and peaceful
settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. We also seek a deeper
partnership with Armenia that includes security cooperation and is
rooted in the shared values of democratic and market economic
freedoms.

I applaud individuals in Armenia and Turkey who have sought to examine
the historical events of the early 20th century with honesty and
sensitivity. The recent analysis by the International Center for
Transitional Justice did not provide the final word, yet marked a
significant step toward reconciliation and restoration of the spirit
of tolerance and cultural richness that has connected the people of
the Caucasus and Anatolia for centuries. We look to a future of
freedom, peace, and prosperity in Armenia and Turkey and hope that
Prime Minister Erdogan’s recent proposal for a joint Turkish-Armenian
commission can help advance these processes.

Millions of Americans proudly trace their ancestry to Armenia. Their
faith, traditions, and patriotism enrich the cultural, political, and
economic life of the United States. I appreciate all individuals who
work to promote peace, tolerance, and reconciliation. On this solemn
day of remembrance, I send my best wishes and expressions of
solidarity to Armenian people around the world.

-END-

www.armenianassembly.org

Armenian PM hopes Genocide recognition by EU to continue this year

Pan Armenian News

ARMENIAN PM HOPES GENOCIDE RECOGNITION BY EU TO CONTINUE THIS YEAR

24.04.2005 08:40

/PanARMENIAN.Net/ «The number of countries that have properly acknowledged
and denounced the Armenian Genocide increases annually. I hope the process
of recognition of the Genocide by EU member states to continue this year;
certain progress is expected before the end of the year,» Armenian Premier
Andranik Margarian stated at the Memorial to Victims of the Armenian
Genocide Victims. In his words, not only when Turkey acknowledges the
Genocide, but also issues referring to the opening of the Armenian-Turkish
border, beginning of talks with the Armenian leadership, establishment of
diplomatic relations and development of economic cooperation are important
to the Armenian party. «The acknowledgement of the Armenian Genocide will
promote solution of those tasks,» the Prime Minister added.

Eccidio di armeni, i giovani ricordano

Avvenire, Italia
Sabato 23 aprile 2005

Eccidio di armeni, i giovani ricordano

Nell’anniversario dei massacri più gravi, i bambini disegnano i
racconti dei nonni. Un nuovo approccio al problema storiografico
della Turchia

Di Camille Eid

Nel cortile del Vang, l’antico monastero armeno di Isfahan, sono
esposti da un mese oltre duecento disegni tracciati dagli studenti
della scuola armena di questa città iraniana. Tutti rappresentano
scene agghiaccianti: gente uccisa o condotta in esilio, chiese date
alle fiamme, case distrutte. Nell’adiacente museo, frequentatissimo
anche da musulmani iraniani, una grande cartina illustra le città
dell’Anatolia toccate dal massacro. Dappertutto nel mondo, ovunque si
trovino comunità armene, la vita si ferma il 24 aprile. È la
commemorazione del genocidio subito dai loro nonni nel 1915 ad opera
dei Giovani Turchi, di cui ricorre domani il novantesimo
anniversario. A distanza di novant’anni, il gergo ufficiale di Ankara
parla ancora del sözde ermeni soykirim, il «cosiddetto genocidio
armeno». Non mancano tuttavia da qualche anno voci che sollecitano
una revisione storiografica. Nel 2000 fu lo storico e sociologo turco
Taner Akçam a lanciare un nuovo approccio alla ermeni sorunu (la
Questione armena) nel suo libro «Svelando il tabù armeno» in cui
difende la legittimità di parlare del genocidio e preconizza la via
del dialogo con gli armeni. La reazione degli schieramenti politici
turchi e della stampa locale all’opera di Akçam (ha venduto solo
mille copie) non fu certo tenera, ma quella strada è stata da allora
battuta da altri intellettuali. Una giornalista di Radikal scriveva
«Per anni, la Turchia ha pensato che bastava proclamare l’assenza di
genocidio, ma non ha preso alcuna iniziativa per provare che non si è
prodotto. Voglio sapere la verità, nient’altro che la verità». Lo
scorso mese, il quotidiano turco Milliyet annunciava la convocazione
di un simposio che riunirà ad Ankara alla fine di maggio numerosi
storici ed esperti internazionali della questione. «1915-1916:
genocidio, diritto, psicologia e storia», questo è il tema
dell’incontro finanziato (si parla di un bilancio di 65mila dollari)
dal ministero degli Esteri turco e dal Consiglio per la sicurezza
interna. Vi partecipano specialisti di genocidi, giuristi e storici
dell’Impero ottomano di fama mondiale. Che il governo di Erdogan
abbia deciso di cambiare modo di approccio alla questione è ormai
chiaro. Lasciare campo libero agli armeni, pensano i turchi, per
inondare il mercato internazionale di opere sui “fatti” del 1915 e i
parlamenti di mezzo mondo di petizioni che sollecitano il
riconoscimento del genocidio armeno non è certo una strategia
vincente. La settimana scorsa, il capo della diplomazia di Ankara ha
proposto all’Armenia di far luce una volta per tutte sui tragici
eventi istituendo una commissione congiunta d’inchiesta, prima di
aggiungere che l’amministrazione ottomana non ha mai ordinato uno
sterminio sistematico e massiccio della popolazione armena sul suo
territorio. Secco rifiuto di Erevan. «Non abbiamo nulla da provare.
Il genocidio ha avuto luogo. È un fatto indiscutibile», ha risposto
il premier armeno Margarian. «In Armenia – ha aggiunto – la gente non
ha appreso di quella tragedia dai libri di scuola ma sulla propria
pelle, dai padri e dai nonni». Sebbene la Turchia abbia riconosciuto
l’indipendenza dell’Armenia nel 1991, non esistono relazioni
diplomatiche tra i due Paesi a motivo del profondo disaccordo sul
genocidio. A fronte di stime armene che parlano di almeno 1,2 milioni
di vittime, Ankara riconosce la morte di un massimo di 300 mila
armeni, principalmente a causa delle malattie o degli attacchi delle
bande curde nel corso della loro deportazione in Siria. Soprattutto,
la Turchia afferma che si trattava della repressione di un Impero in
declino contro una popolazione accusata di connivenza con il nemico
russo e che decine di migliaia di turchi sono stati uccisi dai
ribelli nazionalisti armeni. Di sicuro, a favorire questo nuovo
approccio turco la condizione posta dagli europei per l’ingresso
nella Ue. Lo scorso 14 aprile, nel corso della riunione a Strasburgo
della delegazione interparlementare Ue-Armenia è stato osservato un
minuto di silenzio «in memoria delle vittime del genocidio». Inoltre,
la dichiarazione finale ha «ribadito tutte le risoluzioni del
Parlamento europeo sul genocidio armeno e, all’alba del 90esimo
anniversario di questo evento, invita le autorità turche a
intraprendere un processo di riconciliazione, totale e sincero,
internazionale e nazionale, su questa questione». Un processo che si
annuncia lungo. All’indomani del riconoscimento, nel maggio 2001 da
parte del Parlamento francese, del genocidio armeno, il quotidiano
turco Zaman deplorava il poco interesse per lo studio di quel periodo
storico da parte dei turchi. «Si tratta di un’amara realtà»,
constatava il quotidiano: Il Parlamento francese ha adottato quella
legge perché si trovano in Francia oltre 26mila opere che difendono
il punto di vista armeno. Cosa proponiamo noi invece? 84 libri e 29
sussidi universitari».

Die Juden des Orients

(The Jews of Orient)
(Armenians were bearers of progress)

FAZ.net
Frankfurter Allgemeine
23 April 2005

Die Juden des Orients
Die Armenier waren Träger von Fortschritt und Bürgerlichkeit.
Die jungtürkischen Nationalisten verfolgten und töteten sie in
blindem HaÃ=9F

Von Hans-Lukas Kieser

Mitte Juli 1915. Schuschanig Dikranian, eine junge armenische
Deportierte aus Erzurum auf Durchgangsstation in Elaziz, erhält
Zutritt zum Garnisonskommandanten Süleyman Faik und fleht diesen um
das Leben ihres Schwagers an. Der Offizier entgegnet, ihm liege ein
Befehl aus Istanbul vor, der die Auslöschung allen armenischen
Lebens verlange. Sie fragt, weshalb sie und ihre Gefährtinnen denn
noch lebten. Da antwortet er: “Weil unsere Frauen völlig ungebildet
sind, daher müssen wir armenische Frauen nehmen, um unser
Familienleben zu erneuern.” Frau Dikranians Mann war zuvor in der
Kemah-Schlucht, einer der Stätten organisierten Massenmords,
getötet worden.

Die Auslöschung des “Armeniertums” (Ermenilik), die 1915 begann,
stand in direktem Zusammenhang mit dem Projekt einer modernisierenden
Türkisierung Kleinasiens. “Einheit und Fortschritt” war Name und
Programm der jungtürkischen Partei, die seit 1913 das Osmanische
Reich diktatorisch regierte. Deren Anhängerschaft organisierte
später, nach der Niederlage im Ersten Weltkrieg, einen
erfolgreichen Widerstandskampf und begründete den türkischen
Nationalstaat. Kemal Atatürk und seine jungen Kader waren
glühende Türkisten. Auf Pantürkismus und Panislamismus,
die aus imperialen Gründen noch zum ideologischen Repertoire ihrer
Vorgänger gehört hatten, verzichteten sie vollständig –
und gebärdeten sich statt dessen um so nationalistischer.

Nach der jungtürkischen Revolution hatte die Menschen des Nahen
Ostens im Sommer 1908 für kurze Zeit religionsübergreifend die
Vision einer multiethnischen, verfassungspatriotischen osmanischen
Nation beflügelt. Doch spätestens seit den Balkankriegen von
1912/13, die für die Muslime traumatisch verliefen, erhielt die
Idee der osmanischen Einheit eine antichristliche Spitze. Die
Jungtürken – darunter vom Heimatverlust im Balkan Betroffene wie
Kemal Atatürk – begannen sich darauf zu konzentrieren, in Anatolien
eine türkische Heimat zu schaffen.

Seit dem späten 19. Jahrhundert war es nur noch der Islamismus, mit
dem sich in Anatolien eine Mehrheit mobilisieren lieÃ=9F. Schon in den
antiarmenischen Pogromen vom Herbst 1895 unter Sultan Abdulhamid zeigte
dieser Islamismus seine zerstörerische Kraft. Bis 1922, also bis
zum Ende des Kampfs um Anatolien, blieb der Islam das Banner, um das
sich Massen scharen lieÃ=9Fen. Die Bildungselite hatte sich dagegen
schon vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg in Clubs, die das mächtige
Parteikomitee der Jungtürken massiv förderte, zum
Türkentum bekehrt. Ihre Mitglieder sagten nicht mehr “Ich bin
Muslim”, sondern stolz “Ich bin Türke”. In diesen Clubs, denen am
Vorabend des Ersten Weltkriegs immerhin 3000 Akademiker angehörten,
wurde der völkische Nationalismus eingeübt.

Zugleich aber war man in diesen Clubs von der Idee der “sozialen
Revolution” begeistert – womit man die Schaffung einer modernen
Gesellschaft samt Rechtsreform und Gleichstellung der Frau meinte. Was
Bildung und wirtschaftlichen Erfolg betraf, waren die osmanischen
Christen das Vorbild. Gleichzeitig aber sah man in diesen
Mitbürgern Fremde – und schon damals betrachtete man sie
tendenziell als Ausbeuter, als “Fremdkörper”, die aus der
türkischen Nation zu entfernen seien. So agitierte etwa Mahmut
Bozkurt, der später Justizminister der Republik wurde – und das
schweizerische Zivilgesetz einführte, das als das modernste in
Europa galt.

Die Türkisten hielten die Endogamie hoch. Doch während des
Genozids 1915/16 lieÃ=9Fen sie im Falle junger, gebildeter
Armenierinnen tausendfach Ausnahmen zu. Der zu Anfang zitierte Offizier
Faik wollte die Armenierinnen für das Türkentum in Dienst
nehmen. Die meisten Frauen aber wurden einem traditionellen muslimischen
Milieu im Innern und Osten des Landes zwangsassimiliert. Erst heute
beginnen die Stimmen kryptoarmenischer GroÃ=9Fmütter im Zeugnis
ihrer Enkel öffentlich hörbar zu werden: erschütternde
Stimmen, die plötzlich weit schallen.

Der Rassismus der türkischen Nationalisten war, wenn man so will,
flexibler als jener der Nationalsozialisten. Wie bei Frauen machte man
manchmal auch bei Kindern Ausnahmen (nicht jedoch bei Männern und
älteren Knaben). Doch auch das galt nicht immer:
Südöstlich von Elaziz zählten der amerikanische Arzt
Atkinson und der amerikanische Konsul Davis am Ufer des
Gölcük-Sees im Oktober 1915 10000 Leichen von armenischen
Kindern und Frauen – letztere obszön verstümmelt und oft halb
verbrannt; manchen hatte man, auf der Suche nach womöglich
versteckten Goldstücken, den Bauch aufgeschlitzt. Als im
Frühjahr 1915 etwa 2000 deportierte Dersim-Kurden aus Elaziz
Richtung Gölcük wankten, befürchteten die beiden
Amerikaner das Schlimmste. Doch galten in der Systematik des Regimes die
Dersim-Aleviten als gerade noch türkisierbar. So wurden Kurden und
andere muslimische Nichttürken damals zwar auch umgesiedelt, nicht
aber vernichtet: Im Gegensatz zu den Christen galten sie als
assimilierbar.

Die Mehrheit der Gesellschaft schaute dem Mord an den Armeniern zu – und
versuchte, davon zu profitieren. Das Ganze war ein Massenraubmord mit
dem Ziel, den beträchtlichen armenischen Besitz zugunsten der
türkischen Nation umzuverteilen. Ein gut Teil der geraubten
Güter ging direkt in den Besitz lokaler Profiteure über. Es
gab jedoch durchaus auch einige gläubige Muslime, die das, was den
armenischen Nachbarn angetan wurde, als Verbrechen verurteilten und die
den Opfern nach Möglichkeit zu helfen suchten – etwa der Müfti
von Urfa, der prompt mit dem Tode bedroht wurde.

Die weitaus meisten armenischen Frauen und Kinder kamen 1915/16 auf den
Hungermärschen und 1916/17 in den Konzentrationslagern der
Syrischen Wüste um. Viele verhungerten und starben an Krankheiten,
viele wurden ermordet. Dieses Schicksal teilten die aus Westanatolien
per Bahn deportierten Armenier, unter denen sich viele Männer
befanden. In den Ostprovinzen – dem armenischen Hauptsiedlungsgebiet –
wurden die Männer teils schon beim Aufbruch, teils später
während des Vertreibungsmarsches ermordet. Das “Verschicken”
(sevkiyat) bedeutete das Todesurteil.

Anders als die ländlichen Kurden und die vor kurzem erst
angesiedelten muslimischen Kaukasus- oder Balkanflüchtlinge
verfügten die armenischen Bauern über ein hochentwickeltes
agrarisches, handwerkliches, hygienisches und kommerzielles Können.
Die Zerstörung dieses Bauernstands lastete in den folgenden
Jahrzehnten als wirtschaftlicher Fluch schwer über den
Ostprovinzen. DaÃ=9F die Armenier weiter entwickelt waren als ihr
Umfeld, hatte regionale und globale Gründe. Länder- und
kulturübergreifende Netzwerke machten sie in der Neuzeit zu
Kulturvermittlern und Handelsleuten par excellence – sie waren darin
auch den Juden und Griechen voraus. Nicht zufällig nannten manche
Europäer sie die “Juden des Orients” – oft genug mit
abfälligem Unterton. Während die armenische Elite in den
Metropolen schon früh mit dem Druckwesen zu tun hatte, mit der
Aufklärung in Berührung kam und internationale Kontakte
pflegte, erfaÃ=9Fte die “armenische Renaissance” des 19. Jahrhunderts
auch die Bauerndörfer in Ostanatolien. In vielen
Provinzstädten wurden Mittelschulen oder Spitäler
gegründet. Impulse dazu kamen aus der Gemeinschaft selbst, aber
auch von reichen Armeniern in Georgien, aus dem russischen Armenien und
von Missionaren, namentlich liberalen amerikanischen Protestanten. Die
Armenier nutzten den Austausch mit dem Westen und die neuen
Freiräume der osmanischen Reform des 19. Jahrhunderts. Anders als
die Kurden, deren Fürstentümer damals zerstört und deren
Privilegien im Namen der Gleichstellung zum Teil abgeschafft wurden,
schienen sie die Gewinner osmanischer Reformpolitik zu sein – wenngleich
sie unter allgemeinem Sozialneid und einer verbreiteten
Rechtsunsicherheit zu leiden hatten.

Bildung läÃ=9Ft ein BewuÃ=9Ftsein für bürgerliche
Rechte, für Zivilgesellschaft und Menschenrechte entstehen. Die
verfassungsrechtliche Dynamik – ausgelöst durch die Gründung
der weitgehend von Armeniern getragenen protestantischen Gemeinschaft
(millet) Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts – führte zu neuen Verfassungen
der übrigen Gemeinschaften und schlieÃ=9Flich, 1876, des Reichs.
Hätte es ein ernsthaftes allgemein-osmanisches Projekt gegeben,
wären die Armenier ideale Mitträger eines auf mündigen
Bürgern aufbauenden Systems gewesen. Das Scheitern des Reformstaats
warf sie jedoch auf die eigene Gemeinschaft zurück und führte
– als die im Vertrag von Berlin versprochenen Reformen in den
Ostprovinzen nicht umgesetzt wurden – im späteren 19. Jahrhundert
zur Gründung militanter Selbstschutzorganisationen und Parteien.
Doch nur eine einzige armenische Partei machte die Unabhängigkeit
zu ihrem Programm.

Der traditionelle muslimische ArmenierhaÃ=9F gründete auf der
religiös motivierten Verachtung des gavur, des “Ungläubigen”.
Jetzt kamen Sozialneid und der neue Generalverdacht hinzu, die Armenier
verrieten den islamischen Staat. Waren doch aus den ehemals
Schutzbefohlenen aktive, agile und vielfältig vernetzte Akteure
geworden. Für deren Wohlergehen intervenierte das Ausland seit 1878
bisweilen verbal oder legte, wie 1894, konkrete Reformpläne vor.
Vor diesem Hintergrund kam es zu den Massenmorden von 1895, denen etwa
100000 Armenier zum Opfer fielen.

Im Februar 1914 unterschrieb die osmanische Regierung einen
detaillierten internationalen Reformplan für das
kurdisch-armenische Siedlungsgebiet, der die politische Partizipation
aller Gruppen und wirksame Kontrollen vorsah. Doch die Beteiligung am
Weltkrieg eröffnete dem Regime wenig später die Gelegenheit,
die Reform zu suspendieren und im Schatten des Kriegs in Kleinasien die
Zentralisierung, die demographische Türkisierung und die
türkisch-muslimische Nationalisierung der Wirtschaft
voranzutreiben. Die jungtürkischen Eliten verbanden die Idee der
zentralistischen Modernisierung mit einem sozialdarwinistischem
Ethnonationalismus. In der Extremlage des Weltkriegs lieÃ=9F sie das
1915 zu Genozidtätern an den Armeniern werden.

Was Frau Dikranian betraf, weigerte sie sich, zur Erneuerung
türkischen Familienlebens beizutragen. Sie überlebte die
Deportation ins syrische Aleppo.

Der Verfasser ist Privatdozent für Geschichte der Neuzeit an der
Universität Zürich.

Abbildung: Sarkis Khatchadourian, Die Frau aus Zanguezor, 1907, Ã-l
auf Leinwand.

Text: Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung, 24.04.2005, Nr. 16 / Seite
15

Armenia marks 90th anniversary of mass killings

Armenia marks 90th anniversary of mass killings

AP Worldstream
Apr 24, 2005

AVET DEMOURIAN

Armenia prepared to mark the 90th anniversary of the mass killings of
Armenians in the Ottoman Empire on Sunday, with tens of thousands
expected to visit the memorial to the dead.

Armenia accuses Turkey of genocide in the killings of up to 1.5
million Armenians, during World War I and the collapse of the Ottoman
Empire, as part of a campaign to force them out of eastern Turkey.

Turkey rejects the claim, saying the number of deaths is inflated and
that Armenians were killed or displaced in civil unrest during the
collapse of the empire.

On the eve of the commemoration marking the start of the killings,
people bringing flowers and wreaths visited the country’s monument to
the dead.

Several thousand students gathered in a square in central Yerevan
before marching late Saturday to the hilltop memorial.

Authorities said they expected 1.5 million Armenians _ almost half of
the landlocked ex-Soviet country’s population _ and thousands from the
Armenian diaspora to visit the site Sunday. Churches and monasteries
in the Orthodox Christian nation, and churches in more than 100 other
countries with Armenian communities, were holding special services.

At 7:00 p.m. (1400 GMT) a minute of silence would be observed across
Armenia, and inhabitants of Yerevan were asked to light a candle at
nightfall and place it on a window sill in memory of the victims.

Polish lawmakers recognized the mass killing as a genocide Tuesday _ a
decision condemned by Ankara the next day. France and Russia already
have declared the killings a genocide, and there is strong pressure
from Armenian diaspora groups on the U.S. Congress to do the same.

Turkey has no diplomatic ties with Armenia, but called earlier this
month for the two countries to jointly research the killings. However,
Armenian Foreign Minister Vardan Oskanyan said in February that
Armenia had no intention of conducting additional research on an issue
it regarded as historical fact.

The issue is extremely sensitive in Turkey, and Turks in the past
could face prosecution for saying the killings were genocide. But
recently, facing EU pressure, Turkey has been opening up on the
subject.

Last year, French President Jacques Chirac told Turkey it would have
to recognize the mass killings as genocide if it wanted to become a
member of the European Union, insisting the French would otherwise
vote Turkey out in a referendum.

ANKARA: Turkey Awaits Answer from Yerevan, not new Demands

Zaman, Turkey
April 23 2005

Turkey Awaits Answer from Yerevan, not new Demands
By Zaman
Published: Saturday 23, 2005
zaman.com

Turkey is waiting for Armenia to answer the letter written by Turkish
Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan.

Having evaluated the request of Armenia “to resume diplomatic
relations”, which echoed in public, Ankara expects “an answer to the
letter, not a new request”.

Diplomatic sources revealed that the negotiations between Ankara and
Yerevan are conducted not secretly but openly in the frame of North
Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Organization for Security and
Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). Turkey, who wishes to normalize
relations with Armenia, notes that Yerevan’s attitude is contrary to
international laws as well asUnited Nations (UN) Security Council
resolutions and that this Armenian stance blocks diplomatic
relations. Despite the handicaps in Ankara-Yerevan line, Turkey has
allowed charter flights between the two countries for some time. The
request of a special airline corporation to start flights between
Yerevan and Antalya has also reached Turkey.

Providence: Marking Armenian Genocide

Providence Journal, RI
April 23 2005

Religion briefs

Marking Armenian Genocide

The Armenian Martyrs’ Memorial Committee of Rhode Island will observe
the 90th anniversary of the 1915 Armenian Genocide with a free
concert tonight at 7 in Rhode Island College’s Roberts Hall, 600 Mt.
Pleasant Ave., Providence.

The 60-piece Rhode Island Philharmonic Youth Orchestra will perform
works by Aram Khatchaturian and music director Alexey Shabalin. The
Armenian Chorale of Rhode Island, under the direction of Konstantin
Petrossian, will also perform.

The program will also include poetry, a dramatic vignette of an
Armenian mother and a visual history of Armenian villages illustrated
with traditional Armenian costumes and music by David Ayriyan on
kemancha.

Adam Strom, program associate for research and development and the
coordinator for the Armenian Genocide project at Facing History in
Brookline, Mass., will be the keynote speaker at a civil ceremony
tomorrow at 12:30 p.m. at the Armenian Martyrs’ Memorial Monument,
North Burial Ground, Providence.

Armenian-US military cooperation focuses on peacekeeping tasks-minis

Armenian-US military cooperation focuses on peacekeeping tasks -minister

Mediamax news agency
19 Apr 05

Yerevan, 19 April: The Armenian armed forces are already using US-made
Harris radio stations, Armenian Defence Minister Serzh Sarkisyan
said today.

Speaking at the National Press Club today, Serzh Sarkisyan recalled
that these stations were presented to Armenia within the framework
of the US military assistance programme, Mediamax reports.

As for Armenian-American military cooperation, Serzh Sarkisyan
said that there are no new elements in it and special attention is
being paid to the training of personnel and joint participation in
peacekeeping operations.

Baku Calls MG Co-Chairs As Instigators

BAKU CALLS MG CO-CHAIRS AS INSTIGATORS

Pan Armenian News
18.04.2005 04:46

/PanARMENIAN.Net/ When commenting on the mediators’ statement that
was issued the other day former Adviser to the Azeri President Vafa
Guluzade called the Minsk Group Co-Chairs as instigators. “How can
the Azeri people be prepared to mutual concessions? Our territorial
integrity is inviolable. These mediators-mongers suggest the
Azerbaijani President should tell his people that the country should
sacrifice its sovereignty”, Guluzade stated. “As for Nagorno Karabakh,
Azerbaijan can make a compromise and refrain from ethnic purge. We
agree to let the Armenian population leave there, secure their rights
and render cultural sovereignty”, he resumed.