Author: Kanayan Tamar

Armenian Assembly of America
122 C Street, NW, Suite 350
Washington, DC 20001
Phone: 202-393-3434
Fax: 202-638-4904
Email: [email protected]
Web:

PRESS RELEASE
January 10, 2005
CONTACT: Christine Kojoian
Email: [email protected]

ASSEMBLY EXTENDS APPLICATION DEADLINE FOR INTERNSHIP PROGRAM

Washington, DC – The Armenian Assembly announced today that the
application deadline for the 2005 Terjenian-Thomas Assembly Internship
Program in Washington, DC has been extended to January 30, 2005.

The application deadline for the Assembly’s internship program in
Yerevan remains February 15.

Both programs, offered June through August, provide college students
of Armenian descent the opportunity to intern in those respective
cities while taking part in a full schedule of educational, social and
cultural activities. Students accepted to the Washington program are
typically placed in congressional offices, government agencies,
think-tanks and media outlets based on their educational backgrounds
and work experience. Interns are also given the opportunity to meet
with Members of Congress, policy makers and noted academicians through
the popular Capitol Ideas and Lecture Series programs.

Now entering its sixth year, the Assembly’s intern program in Armenia
offers students the unique opportunity to live and work in one of the
most historically and culturally rich countries in the world. Over
the course of eight-weeks, students will work in Armenian government
agencies, meet with Armenia and Karabakh officials and tour historical
sites in and around Armenia.

Partial and full housing scholarships are available to qualified
students on a competitive basis. Internship applications are
available on the Assembly’s Web site at

For more information on the internship programs or assistance with the
application process, please contact Internship Program Manager Alex
Karapetian in Washington at (202) 393-3434, ext. 245 or via email at
[email protected].

The Armenian Assembly of America is the largest Washington-based
nationwide organization promoting public understanding and awareness
of Armenian issues. It is a 501(c)(3) tax-exempt membership
organization.

###

NR#2005-002

Fresno Bee, CA
Jan 6 2005

Armenian Town plan challenged

Two local preservation groups file a lawsuit.

By Russell Clemings / The Fresno Bee

Two groups of local historic preservation advocates have gone to
court hoping to overturn Fresno’s approval of a large part of the Old
Armenian Town redevelopment project.

Heritage Fresno and Friends of Armenian Town allege that the city’s
redevelopment agency did not “properly address impacts on historic
resources and feasible alternatives” when its board – which also is
the City Council – unanimously approved the project in November.

Their Fresno County Superior Court complaint says that the city and
developers Richard Gunner and George Andros made no mention of their
plans for the facade of Armenian Evangelical Church, in storage since
being torn down in November 2003.

It also says the agency did not get enough public comment before
deciding where to move five other historic buildings that would be
displaced by the project. The agency plans to put the structures on
vacant lots along L Street between San Benito and Monterey streets;
preservation advocates have proposed an alternative site at M and
Ventura streets, closer to their original locations.

“These people just don’t think a good enough job has been done in
protecting historic resources,” said their attorney, John C.
Gabrielli, of Davis. “They’re not interested in stopping the project
at all. They’re interested in sitting down and hashing things out.”
Neither Marlene Murphey, interim director of the redevelopment
agency, nor Lowell Carruth, attorney for Gunner and Andros, responded
to requests for comment on the lawsuit.

The Old Armenian Town project includes a new home for the state’s 5th
District Court of Appeal, plus three office buildings, a parking
garage, and some retail space. An Armenian Cultural Center also is
planned. The site is bounded by O, Ventura and M streets and Freeway
41.

George Bursik, a spokesman for the preservation groups, lives in one
of the few remaining homes in the project area and says he objects
mainly to the city’s plans for his and other houses.

“I don’t believe the city has a legal right to confiscate a person’s
home,” he said. “I mean, I understand that they have the legal right,
but … just because some developer comes along and wants to take it
doesn’t make it in the public interest.”

Le Figaro, France
Jan 4 2005

UNION EUROPÉENNE La controverse sur la candidature de la Turquie
Constantinople, capitale de l’Europe !

Par GILLES MARTIN-CHAUFFIER *
[04 janvier 2005]

Le tsar Alexandre II connaissait bien l’Empire ottoman dont il
adorait grignoter les contours. Il a souvent dit : «En Turquie, il y
a deux provinces : Istanbul et le reste du pays.» Peuvent-elles
toutes les deux entrer aujourd’hui en Europe ? Pour la seconde, mille
arguments politiques et économiques se présentent, les uns
favorables, les autres hostiles, la plupart pertinents. Pour la
première, en revanche, l’histoire et la culture sont formelles :
notre destin et notre civilisation ont été sauvés sur les rives du
Bosphore. Btir l’Europe sans Constantinople et Istanbul serait un
non-sens. Et une falsification. Comme si l’Urss avait choisi
d’oublier Saint-Pétersbourg parce que la ville lui rappelait les
Romanov. On ne choisit pas son passé, on en hérite.

On se rappelle aujourd’hui que Constantinople fut une fête. Alors que
l’Occident mérovingien grelottait de froid et traînait ses sabots
dans la boue, une ville des Mille et Une Nuits dansait au clair de
lune. En l’an 1000, Byzance faisait rêver le monde. Ses parfums et
ses palais, ses courtisanes et ses bourreaux, ses patriarches et ses
princes, ses hippodromes et ses chapelles aux mosaïques scintillant à
la lumière des cierges… Perchés sur les collines ou se reflétant sur
la Corne d’Or, des dômes majestueux enflammaient les espoirs du Moyen
Âge comme les étoiles éclairent la nuit. Pourtant, si la capitale des
basileus faisait de la frivolité un art, elle servait d’abord d’écrin
ultime à notre culture.

De l’an 300 à 1453, on a enseigné Platon et Sénèque, Aristote et
saint Augustin, Horace et Homère… De génération en génération,
princes, empereurs, ministres et riches marchands ont créé des écoles
et fondé des universités. L’esprit grec, la pensée romaine et l’me
chrétienne s’y sont mariés et ont inventé notre civilisation. Sans
les murailles de Théodose, il ne serait resté des savoirs antiques
que des blocs de marbre éparpillés dans l’herbe. Là, pour la première
fois, les pensées occidentales ont appris qu’elles n’étaient pas
forcément mortelles. Les Celtes, les Numides, les Parthes, les
Phéniciens avaient disparu. Les pères de notre science et de nos
arts, eux, ont survécu. On l’oublie car on retient de l’Empire
byzantin un invraisemblable soap-opéra médiéval plein d’impératrices
nymphomanes, d’eunuques gélatineux, de prosternations protocolaires,
de mains tranchées et d’yeux crevés. Pourtant, l’Europe ne se limite
pas à Paris, Madrid et Rome. D’Athènes à Sofia et de Belgrade à
Moscou, tout l’univers orthodoxe est né à Constantinople. Et c’est
parce qu’on lui devait tant qu’on l’a tellement haïe au point de
l’anéantir en 1204, lors de la quatrième Croisade.

Deux siècles plus tard, les Ottomans n’ont fait que cueillir le fruit
que nous avions nous-mêmes arraché de l’arbre. Contrairement à l’idée
reçue, ils ne sont pas apparus un beau matin, surgissant de nulle
part et ravageant tout sur leur passage, tels des Mongols dévalant la
steppe. Voisins depuis plus d’un siècle des basileus, ils vivaient en
bons termes avec eux. Une fille de la famille impériale des
Cantacuzène avait épousé le fils d’Osman, fondateur de la dynastie
ottomane. Des cousins avaient épousé des princesses serbes et
bulgares. Les troupes du sultan étaient pleines de contingents
européens. Les Ottomans faisaient partie de la famille balkanique.
Depuis des siècles, les chrétiens d’Orient fréquentaient le monde
musulman. Et s’en portaient bien. Ils s’estimaient souvent beaucoup
plus proches de Bagdad que de Rome et de l’intégrisme catholique. La
frontière de l’Europe est, depuis l’an 1000, à la lisière de l’Irak.
De l’Atlantique à l’Oural, notre continent rassemble tous les débris
de l’Empire romain au nord de la Méditerranée. Et ses peuples, les
paysans misérables, ne s’y trompaient pas. Aucun serf croate,
hongrois ou macédonien ne tremblait en voyant arriver les contingents
ottomans : au contraire, ils savaient qu’ils allaient échapper à une
odieuse féodalité. L’occupation ottomane ne tenait pas la bride
serrée. Nul n’était contraint d’apprendre le turc, on ne forçait pas
les conversions, il suffisait que le minaret soit la construction la
plus élevée de chaque village. On ne se révoltait pas. Quand
Constantinople tombe en 1453, les Ottomans attaquent depuis l’Ouest.
Leur capitale est en Grèce, à Andrinople. Leurs troupes ont été
levées dans les Balkans. Personne ne les prend pour des brutes
surgies du néant.

Installés à Constantinople, les sultans ottomans se révèlent-ils de
féroces tyrans orientaux ? Loin de là. Nul ne s’échappe de chez eux
mais, au contraire, des milliers de juifs fuient nos pays pour se
réfugier sous leur protection. Salonique est la première ville juive
du monde. Grecs, Arméniens, Arabes, Albanais vivent en parfaite
harmonie dans la capitale. L’écrasante majorité des grands vizirs est
européenne de naissance. Des dizaines de confréries musulmanes
cohabitent en bonne intelligence. On n’est pas à La Mecque. Toutes
les nuances de l’islam s’expriment. Quand elles débattent, c’est lors
de concours de poésie. L’ordre règne à Istanbul, débonnaire. Sous
Ahmed III, le contemporain de Louis XV, au sommet de la puissance
ottomane, la douceur de vivre sur les bords du Bosphore est devenue
un art. Dans les manuels, on parlera du temps des tulipes et des
zibelines. On vit autour du palais de Topkapi comme dans le reste du
continent. Et quand l’empire va se désintégrer peu à peu, aucun de
ses féroces ennemis ne l’appellera autrement que comme l’«Homme
malade de l’Europe».

Aujourd’hui, Constantinople demande à réintégrer son giron.
Moralement, les Arméniens peuvent être indignés. Politiquement, la
droite xénophobe et la gauche souverainiste peuvent émettre des
réserves. Economiquement, Bruxelles peut mettre en garde. Mais
historiquement et culturellement, le débat est clos : cette ville a
toujours fait partie intégrante de notre destin. Et, entre l’an 330
et l’an 800, elle l’a incarné à elle seule. Lui fermer aujourd’hui la
porte serait un parricide.

* Journaliste, publie cette semaine Le Roman de Constantinople,
éditions du Rocher.

CENN – DECEMBER 23, 2004 DAILY DIGEST
Table of Contents:
1. Monsanto introduces triple trait tech
2. Harvest of Hope?
3. Yerevan Airport Operator Expands Into Agribusiness
4. Eduardo Ernekian Invests in Armenia’s Agricultural Sphere
5. Regional Civil Society Meetings towards the 6th Global Civil Society
Forum (19-20 February 2005, Nairobi, Kenya)

1. MONSANTO INTRODUCES TRIPLE TRAIT TECH

Source: CropBiotech Update, December 22, 2004 (Via Agnet)

Monsanto Company will make available the first triple trait offering,
YieldGard Plus with Roundup Ready Corn 2 technology, for 2005 season
planting in the United States. The new product will offer corn growers
in-seed protection against harmful corn insects and the flexibility of
herbicide tolerance in one seed.

The latest technology provides corn growers both above and below the
ground protection against Western and Northern corn rootworm larvae and
the European corn borer, and weed control. Monsanto adds that corn
growers have benefited from the flexibility and convenience of Roundup
Ready and YieldGard and will now get more profits from its latest
product.

More on this new technology from

2. HARVEST OF HOPE?
Agriculture is a colossal environmental problem; genetic science could
be part of the solution

MENDEL IN THE KITCHEN
A Scientist’s View of Genetically Modified Foods
By Nina Fedoroff and Nancy Marie Brown
Joseph Henry Press, 370 pp., $24.95

Reviewed by Richard Manning

A young postdoctoral student in a molecular biology lab once told me the
problem with her line of work is that she can’t explain to her mother
what she does. This is more than a personal problem. If the rest of us
benighted laypeople could get some sort of idea of what is being done in
those labs, we would better understand the depth of the world’s
environmental problems and the character of life itself. Indeed, those
scientists who tinker with DNA have drifted into isolation from the rest
of us, simply because they see something we cannot.

One of the things we need to see is that the controversy about
genetically engineered foods is misguided. The problem is not
genetically engineered crops; it is crops. The world is in terrible
trouble because of the fundamental design of agriculture. Genetic
science is finally developing some tools that may at least help with a
redesign that is sustainable.

Still, when the world in general thinks about gene science, it thinks
about genetic engineering. I wish we could get beyond this, and we will,
but not because of any sudden outbreak of rationality. We will get
beyond it because gene science has moved on to something far bigger and
more profound than genetic engineering.

For the Full Text Please See:

3. YEREVAN AIRPORT OPERATOR EXPANDS INTO AGRIBUSINESS

Source: RFE/RL Armenia Report, December 21, 2004

The ethnic Armenian owner of an Argentine company that runs Armenia’s
main international airport unveiled on Tuesday, December 20, 2004 plans
to invest millions of dollars in the country’s agribusiness sector as he
set up a joint venture with a local firm.

Senior executives from Tierras de Armenia, a Yerevan-based company
belonging to billionaire Eduardo Eurnekian, and Max Group said they are
joining forces to develop 6,000 hectares of arid land in the southern
Armavir region into fruit orchards. They pledged to invest up to $25
million in the venture in the next few years.

`In the next five or six years we will also set up a fairly big fruit
processing plant in the area,’ said Mher Bagratian, a major Max Group
shareholder.

`We believe that this is going to be a long-term business project that
could assist in the country’s further development,’ said Marcelo Vende,
the chief executive of Yerevan’s Zvartnots airport who represents
Eurnekian.

Max Group’s activities are quite diverse, ranging from fuel imports to
agribusiness. One of its two other owners is Harutiun Pambukian, a
wealthy parliamentarian close to President Robert Kocharian.

Senior government officials present at the signing of the deal welcomed
Eurnekian’s decision to expand his business presence in Armenia into
agriculture. `Agriculture is gradually becoming a profitable area for
doing business,’ Agriculture Minister David Lokian told RFE/RL.

Eurnekian is primarily known as the main owner of a consortium operating
33 airports across Argentina and elsewhere in South America. He also
owns 200,000 hectares of land and food processing factories in northern
Argentina.

Eurnekian’s Corporacion America runs Zvartnots in accordance with a
30-year management contract that it signed with the Armenian government
three years ago. The company launched last June the construction of a
new terminal that is supposed to bring the airport into conformity with
international standards. It estimated the total cost of the project at
more than $40 million.

4. EDUARDO ERNEKIAN INVESTS IN ARMENIA’S AGRICULTURAL SPHERE

Source: Noyan Tapan, December 21, 2004

On December 21, 2004 at Zvartnots Airport Director of the Tiera de
Armeni company Anna-Christina Shirinian and shareholder of Max Group
Khachik Manukian signed an agreement on joint activities. According to
the agreement, at least 1,600-1,700 hectares of apricot orchards,
200-300 hectares of peach and plum orchards and 500 hectares of
grapevines are to be planted in the area of 6 thousand hectares (3
thousand ha was sold to Tiera de Armeni) located near the settlement of
Baghramian (Armavir marz) and belonging to Max Group. According to
Khachik Manukian, it is envisaged to start the construction of a fruit
processing plant with a processing capacity of 40 thousand tons of fruit
per year at the end of 2005. The harvest is expected in 5 years;
meanwhile 20-25 million dollars will be invested. Eduardo Ernekian owns
Tiera de Armeni, which was recently registered in Armenia. The American
International Airports Company also belonging to the multimillionaire
from Argentina implements the management of Yerevan’s Zvartnots Airport.
Max Group, one of Armenia’s big multiprofile companies, has 15 thousand
200 hectares of land in the country’s various marzes. Its shareholders
are Khachik Manukian, Harutyun Pambukian (both deputies of the NA) and
Mher Bagratian. Kh. Manukian also stated the two sides will make equal
in amount investments, the Argentinian side will implement the
management of the business and the Armenian side will carry out the
agricultural work. The Airport lawyer Armen Ter-Tachatian announced that
profit made by Tiera de Armeni would not have a commercial significance,
it will go to a special fund established by Ernekian and used to develop
the agriculture.

5. REGIONAL CIVIL SOCIETY MEETINGS TOWARDS THE 6TH GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY
FORUM (19-20 FEBRUARY 2005, NAIROBI, KENYA)

In November -December 2004, each regional office of UNEP hosted a civil
society meeting (six in total) in preparation of the 6th Global Civil
Society Forum (GCSF). Gathering around 40 civil society representatives,
each forum had a special focus on international environment governance
(IEG), the UNEP work programme 2006-07 and UNEP capacity building
cooperation with civil society. On December 3, 2004, two civil society
organizations from each region gathered in Nairobi to elaborate a global
civil society statement based on the regional outcomes.

I also attended civil society meeting in Geneva and actively
participated in adoption of regional statement. I had informed
attendants about activities in the sphere of information dissemination,
activities of working groups on GMO, European Plan on Environment and
Health and Ecostrategy.

First of all I had driven attention of attendance to water, sanitation
and human settlement issues and I am happy to say that everybody
supported to include this important (mainly for the South Caucasus
region) issue into the statement which describes the importance of UNEP
participation in realization of EU Water Initiative(See page 5 of the
attached statement of UNEP ROE)

On February 19-20, 2004 more than 100 civil society representatives from
all over the world are expected to attend the 6th GCSF. The event,
organized back to back with the GC-23/GMEF, February 21-25, 2005 is the
main venue for civil society to participate in UNEP decision-making
process.

The regional and the global statements will be distributed to
governments in in view of the twenty-third session of UNEP Governing
Council/ Global Ministerial Environment Forum (GC-23/GMEF) and are also
available online().

By decision of UNEP ROE I will be among those who will present mentioned
statement to the 6th Global Civil Society Forum (February 2005, Nairobi,
Kenya).

Best regards

Rafig Verdiyev, ECORES, UNEP NC, Azerbaijan

—
*******************************************
CENN INFO
Caucasus Environmental NGO Network (CENN)

Tel: ++995 32 92 39 46
Fax: ++995 32 92 39 47
E-mail: [email protected]
URL:

–Boundary_(ID_zU35AE+eXLBpmNLjge+f/g)–

Iranian, Azerbaijani defense ministers survey

IRNA, Iran
December 22, 2004 Wednesday 8:47 PM EST

Tehran, December 22 — Defense ministers of Iran and Azerbaijan
met and conferred here on Wednesday evening about regional armies`
cooperation to boost joint security in Caucasus region.

Islamic Republic of Iran`s Defense Minister Rear Admiral Ali Shamkhani
referred to the two nations` shared historical, religious and cultural
backgrounds during the meeting, considering them the “huge capital
that can serve to boost bilateral ties.”

He referred to the deep bilateral understanding and mutual trust,
as well as comprehensive defense and security consultations, as main
prerequisites for establishment of a comprehensive bilateral defense
cooperation.

Shamkhani added, “Joint efforts aimed at boosting regional peace
and stability is the main axis for Iran-Azerbaijan comprehensive
cooperation.”

The Iranian defense minister said, “Presently terrorism, narcotic
drugs and arms smuggling, organized crime, and vast presence of foreign
forces are biggest threats against regional security and such threats
cannot be eliminated, except through effective regional cooperation
and constant consultative interactions.”

Elsewhere in his remarks, stressing that the Islamic Republic of
Iran considers the Caspian Sea the “sea of peace and friendship”,
Shamkhani added, “This region`s security is in need of collective
cooperation and mutual trust.”

Elaborating on Iran`s stand about Karabakh conflict, Rear Admiral
Shamkhani said, “Iran favors peaceful resolution of the Karabakh
conflict and is ready to continue its mediation efforts in that
regard.”

He referred to President Seyyed Mohammad Khatami`s state visit of
Azerbaijan and President Elham Aliev`s upcoming state visit to Tehran
as beset signs of both countries` officials` strong determination to
take advantage of all opportunities at service of boosting ties.”

The Azeri Defense Minister Safar Abiev, too, appreciated his country`s
ever-improving ties and cooperation with Iran and considered the
Iranian defense minister`s visit of Baku “a very effective move in
further strengthening bilateral ties.”

He emphasized, “Late Azeri President Geidar Aliev`s 2002 state visit of
Iran opened a new chapter in Tehran-Baku relations, agreeing with his
Iranian counterpart on the point that shared historical and cultural
backgrounds of the two nations serve as an excellent foundation for
boosting comprehensive ties.”

Abiev added, “The Islamic Republic of Iran was among the first
countries in the world to recognize the independence of Azerbaijan
Republic and the Azeri nation will never forget that.”

The Azerbaijan Republic is situated in eastern Transcaucasia, on the
western coast of the Caspian Sea.

To the South it borders Iran, to the West Armenia, to the North-West
Georgia, and to the North the Republic of Dagestan, in Russia.

The Nakhichevan autonomous Republic is a part of Azerbaijan, although
it is separated form the rest of Azerbaijan by Armenian territory.

Azerbaijan also includes the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast,
which is largely populated by the Armenians, but does not legally
constitute a part of Armenia.

Armenians in US threaten Bush

Assa-Irada, Azerbaijan
Dec 24 2004

“If George Bush does not admit to ‘Massacre of Armenians’ in April
2005, on the eve of the 90th anniversary of the ‘massacre’, Armenians
in the United States will resort to severe protest actions against
him, said an article by Harut Sasunian, editor-in-chief of Courier
newspaper published in California, US.

The publication said that non-recognition of the so-called ‘massacre’
may turn out costly for the Bush administration and that this is
explained by the double standard approach to the issue in the world.
It says that the US representative in the United Nations John
Denford allegedly sent a letter to the UN Secretary General Kofi
Annan demanding that the ‘Massacre of Armenians’ be recognized at
the January 24, 2005 UN General Assembly session.

Chairman of the “Organization for recognition of March 31 Massacre
of Azerbaijanis” (1918) has dismissed the statement as groundless. He
said that in reality, the ongoing occupation of Azerbaijani territories
and the Khojaly massacre perpetrated by Armenia against Azeris show
that a double standard is being applied against Azerbaijan.

“With the international community being aware of the truth, the lack
of pressure on Armenia proves that certain countries are turning a
blind eye to all of Armenia’s illegal actions.*

Armenian defence minister, OSCE envoy discuss cooperation

Noyan Tapan news agency
21 Dec 04

Yerevan, 20 December: The head of the OSCE mission in Yerevan,
Vladimir Pryakhin, told Armenian Defence Minister Serzh Sarkisyan
on 20 December about the successful completion of the first stage of
work under the agreement signed on 11 June [2004] between the OSCE’s
Yerevan office and the Armenian Defence Ministry (on monitoring the
situation in the army and on effective cooperation between the OSCE
and the Armenian Defence Ministry).

“We are satisfied with the results of the first stage and the
assistance provided by the Armenian Defence Ministry’s appropriate
bodies,” Pryakhin said.

The sides also touched on the issue of adopting the law “On alternative
ministry service” and the call-up of the first group (20 conscripts
will have alternative labour service and one will have alternative
military service). [as published]

The Armenian Defence Ministry’s press secretary told Noyan Tapan news
agency that Pryakhin had also submitted the results of an opinion
poll on the military service conducted in an army unit jointly with
the public organization Mother of Soldier. He said that work done
yielded had produced the desired results and the organization could
now freely talk to servicemen, elucidate their problems and bring
them to the notice of the Armenian defence minister.

In turn, Sarkisyan said that not only this organization, but also
about nine public organizations which are cooperating with the
Defence Ministry and specific problems might be resolved thanks to
their active mediation effort.

[Passage omitted: cultural organizations also cooperating with the
ministry]

Touching on the Karabakh problem, ambassador Pryakhin said that he
still cannot find any significant textbooks on the history of Nagornyy
Karabakh in the recent period and would love to find one. The defence
minister said that such books are necessary for the military and
patriotic upbringing of the younger generation and Armenian writers
have an obligation in that sense.

[Passage omitted: sides discussing development programme in Armenia’s
Syunik District and hope for more cooperation]

Palestinian-Israeli election arrangements detailed by Minister Urayqat

Al-Jazeera TV, Doha
20 Dec 04

Text of telephone interview with Palestinian Negotiations Affairs
Minister Sa’ib Urayqat, in Jericho, by presenter Lina Zahr-al-Din;
broadcast live by Qatari Al-Jazeera satellite TV on 20 December

[Zahr-al-Din] I have with me from Jericho Dr Sa’ib Urayqat, Palestinian
minister of negotiation affairs. Dr Sa’ib, could you please give
us further details on the proceedings of this [Palestinian-Israeli]
meeting? Did you discuss security issues?

[Urayqat] The meeting centred on adopting the same arrangements made
for the 1996 elections. The main emphasis was on the city of Jerusalem
and the sons of our Palestinian people in East Jerusalem. There was
also discussion of the election campaign, the candidates’ election
campaign centres, the polling stations in the city of Jerusalem –
the Armenian neighbourhood, Salah Al-Din Street, Shu’fat, Bayt Hanina,
Al-Tur – and the role of international observers in these campaigns.

We also stressed to them that the arrangements preceding the elections
are not only for the polling day. The arrangements include the
registration of voters [and] the candidates; the election programmes
and campaigns; and the movement of the candidates, their agents and
party members in the West Bank and Gaza Strip and the areas in between,
including Jerusalem.

Therefore, we asked that the situation be restored to what it
was before 28 September 2000. This means guaranteeing a halt to
assassinations, incursions and arrests; the removal of roadblocks;
and the lifting of the closure. We want international observers to
have a greater role in this respect.

We agreed in principle that the arrangements should be the same as
those made for the 1996 elections. There is, however, a need for an
expanded meeting to be attended by security men and professionals in
such fields as statistics. We agreed to hold this meeting within the
next two days.

[Zahr-al-Din] So we can say that you received guarantees that the
residents of East Jerusalem would vote without Israeli conditions.

[Urayqat] Yes, we asked the Israeli side to announce in a clear,
official statement that the status of the Palestinian citizens
in East Jerusalem who would participate in the elections would
not be harmed. This is because there are [Israeli] threats to use
the identity cards and privileges [of East Jerusalem residents to
blackmail them]. We hope that the Israeli government will announce
this as soon as possible.

[Zahr-al-Din] Thank you very much.

60 Million Turks Rushed to the Borders??!
View : Baris Sanli

Journal of Turkish Weekly, Turkey
Dec 19 2004

The Sundays are generally boring and I am bored. Nevertheless, I have
the rare chance to read Turkey sceptics’ comments and amuse myself.
Today my intention was to write a view as follows:

“Europe’s Turkey sceptics were right. As the accession talks end, 60
million Turks rushed to the borders of Europe, especially France. The
streets of Ankara emptied. Most Turks revealed their real faces,
beards grown down to their feet. As we talked with them they told us:

‘For 500 years, we hide our real identity, we were beating our wives
secretly, we were growing beards yet hiding it under plastic masks, now
we are free. This is our day, we can rush to the borders. Our only aim
in this life is to cook doner & kebaps and serve them to Europeans.’

Some Turks are already started swimming to Greek Islands from Izmir.
They claim, if they can start swimming now, they can reach the Greek
Islands by 3rd October. ”

Through the passage, I could be judging Turks by emphatising with
some of the Telegraph and Daily Mail writers, some Armenians and
some French.

Later on I felt sorry for my nation. The Europeans ain’t seen anything
yet. The only images of the Turks were carefully constructed by
ethnical minorities around Europeans.

We are fine with Greeks now, despite Cypriots. As the borders are
more relaxed now, they see us not as a “Nation that eats Greek”
but rather a “Nation which has two many similarities with Greeks”

In Turkish TVs there are drama series with subjects like “Turkish Girl,
Greek Boy, love, lies and etc. etc.” Like soap operas… This is the same
in Greece. Greek singer Natalie is currently popular, Turkish music
channels view her clips, nearly every 4 hours. But who cares? Turks
are this, Turks are that…. These arguments will never end……

This is Sunday, I need a holiday. I will watch telly and scratch my
belly. So I will finish my argument with a joke that was told by one of
my EuroTurk(parents:Turkish, passport:German) friends. This is for all
the Turkey Sceptics and Turkish nationalists out there.Cheer up mates!

German scientists decided to build a very powerful, super computer
which can answer every question in the whole universe. They designed
it for months, draw schematics, simulated, and the computer was
made ready.

After a few checks, they plugged the computer, turned on the switch.
This giant, groosome computer started with buzzling and tickling
sounds. And the prompt appeared on the screen.

The scientist excited to death. They were curious to test the thing.
One of them jumped and typed the question:

“Who will be the only power on this earth?”

The computer buzzled a bit, and a result came up from the printer,
answer was crap to the Germans:

“Turks”

The German scientists couldn’t believe a word they are reading. They
double checked every circuit on the computer, tested the cables but
nope! They asked the same question again:

“Who will be the only power on this earth?”

The computer again mimiced the same sounds, same answer came out:

“Turks”

Scientists began to talk with each other:

“These Turks are just selling pizzas and kebaps, how come they can
have the power, you know there are us, Americans, Japanese, but why,
why Turks?”

The computer answered:

“Everyone will construct shuttles, spacecrafts and colonise the
space. They will begin to live there, but these *** Turks will not
build a thing other then doner kebap, they will stay on Earth alone,
so they will be the only power on this Earth”

–Boundary_(ID_AaTD/5k8H1QEK8cBGK6sTA)–

Press and Information Office, Occupied Northern Cyprus
Dec 17 2004

Cyprus PIO: Turkish Press and Other Media – 12/16/2004

[01] The Turkish Prime Minister arrived in Brussels.
[02] The Turkish Foreign Minister left for Brussels.
[03] The European Parliament calls for accession talks with Turkey.
[04] HURRIYET highlights the European Parliament decision on Turkey.
[05] Former Turkish Ambassador and CNN-TURK commentator Yalim Eralp:
“It is possible to establish a provisional solution government”.
[06] Turkish Cypriot newspaper speaks of a possible Cyprus summit in
Brussels in view of Annan´s presence.
[07] Mr Talat said that the Turkish Cypriot leader Rauf Denktas will
start contacts with the political party leaders for the “election”
date.
[08] An opinion poll conducted in the occupied areas shows the
Republican Turkish Party in the lead with 31%.
[B] COMMENTARIES, EDITORIALS AND ANALYSIS
[09] Columnist in STAR newspaper argues that Turkey intends to
exploit possible resumption of Cyprus talks to avoid signing the
protocol it will commit itself to sign during the EU Summit.

——————————————————————————–

[A] NEWS ITEMS
[01] The Turkish Prime Minister arrived in Brussels
Ankara Anatolia news agency (15.12.04) reported that the Turkish
Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan arrived in Brussels on Wednesday.
He will hold meetings in Brussels prior to EU Summit on December
17th.
Turkish State Minister Besir Atalay, Finance Minister Kemal Unakitan,
several bureaucrats and deputies are accompanying Erdogan.

”We are hopeful,” Erdogan said upon arrival regarding the decision
of EU leaders whether to open entry talks with Turkey at their summit
on Friday.

Upon questions of reporters, Erdogan said: “We are pleased with the
recommendatory decision of the European Parliament today. I am
interested in the result not the content. The decision of the
European Parliament is very meaningful.”

When asked what his expectation from French President Jacques Chirac
was, Erdogan said: ‘W will discuss it.”

[02] The Turkish Foreign Minister left for Brussels
Istanbul NTV television (15.12.04) broadcast that Foreign Minister
Abdullah Gul made a statement at Ankara’s Esenboga Airport before
leaving for Brussels to attend the EU summit. He reiterated that
Turkey expects the 17 December summit to reach a decision to start
full membership negotiations. Expressing the belief that Turkey
fulfilled its task in this regard, Gul said that Ankara hopes that
the EU leaders, in turn, will remain loyal to the documents they have
already signed and reach a decision to start the accession
negotiations during the course of 2005.
Gul said that the mutual demands and adjustments will continue until
the last minute during the summit. Asked about the conditions that
would compel Turkey to abandon the discussions, Gul said: The full
membership goal should be open and clear, and a date that will not
require another meeting should emerge from the summit.

There are certain matters that run counter to the EU acquis, and
these are not legitimate, Gul noted, and pointed to the permanent
derogations in this context. Gul concluded by expressing the hope
that a final compromise will be reached at the summit.

[03] The European Parliament calls for accession talks with Turkey
Ankara Anatolia news agency (15.12.04) reported from Strasbourg that
the European Parliament on Wednesday adopted a resolution calling for
the start of Turkey´s accession talks ”without undue delay”.
The European Parliament, meeting in Strasbourg, France, voted by 407
in favour to 262, against with 29 abstentions to pass the resolution.

This resolution is nonbinding, but important as it reflected the view
of the European Parliament prior to the EU-Brussels summit, which is
of historic importance for Turkey.

Socialist, Liberal, Green parliamentarians and British, Spanish and
Italian parliamentarians of the Christian Democrat group voted in
favour of Turkey.

The report, prepared by Dutch Parliamentarian Camiel Eurlings and a
recommendatory decision, urged for ”giving priority to the
implementation of the political criteria at the beginning of
negotiations.”

The recommendatory decision called on the Turkish parliament to
approve six legal amendments, which the European Commission stated in
the progress report, and proposed ”putting into force the political
dialogue mechanism about the close monitoring process and envisaging
suspension of negotiations by the European Commission when
necessary.”

[04] HURRIYET highlights the European Parliament decision on Turkey
Istanbul HURRIYET (Internet version, 15.12.04) publishes the
following report from Strasbourg under the title: “EP rejects giving
privileged partnership to Turkey”:
“The European Parliament [EP] has rejected motions for Turkey to be
given a special status, for its membership to be rejected, and for
the recognition of Turkey’s “Armenian Genocide”. The EP did adopt a
motion for full membership negotiations to be taken up with Turkey
without delay.

The EP passed the resolution recommending the initiation of full
membership negotiations with Turkey by a vote of 407 in favour and
262 opposed.

The reforms that have been carried out in Turkey were praised in the
advisory resolution, and it was stated that “The negotiations are the
starting point of a lengthy process, which by its nature is
open-ended and does not necessarily entail the result of full
membership.”

“Full membership dependent on mutual efforts”

In the resolution, which noted that full membership depends on the
mutual efforts of both Turkey and the EU, attention was drawn to the
importance of the Turkish and EU publics being provided with
information in an effective manner during the process of Ankara’s
integration.

“Free movement must not disadvantage Turkey”

The resolution, which pointed out that the negotiations process will
be lengthy, called for restrictions on free circulation and
agriculture not to have a negative impact on Turkey’s efforts for
membership.

It was implied in the resolution that it will not be possible for the
full membership negotiations with Turkey to be completed prior to the
goals foreseen in the EU’s budget for the year 2014.

“Restrictions on Greek Cypriot-flagged ships must be lifted”

The resolution, which included a call for Turkey to resolve its
problems with its neighbours in a manner consistent with the UN
Charter, called for the elimination of restrictions on Greek
Cypriot-flagged ships.

“Heybeli Island Theological Seminary must be opened”

The resolution stated that there must be no restrictions on the
activities of minorities in Turkey, and called in this context for
the opening of the [Greek Orthodox] theological seminary on Heybeli
Island.

“Alevi faith must be recognized”

The EP’s resolution included calls for Alevism to be recognized and
protected, including for ‘cemevleri’ [houses of assembly] to be
recognized as religious centers, for religious education to be
voluntary, for effective measures to be taken in combating torture,
and for the Village Guards system in the Southeast to be done away
with.

“Armenian border must be opened”

The advisory resolution, which called for Turkey to open its border
with Armenia, stated that it is necessary that the Turkish and
Armenian governments provide support to a mutual peace process, and
that the bitter experiences of the past be overcome through the
support of independent experts.

“Armenian genocide” motion rejected

In a vote conducted in the General Assembly, an amendment motion
calling for acknowledgement of the so-called Armenian Genocide to be
made a precondition for initiating negotiations was rejected.

Despite this, an amendment motion that made reference to an earlier
advisory resolution of the European Parliament (EP) regarding
recognition of the alleged genocide and another amendment motion
calling for the EU Commission and Council to call upon Turkey to
recognize the alleged genocide were accepted.

“Rejection of privileged partnership proposal”

The EP also rejected an amendment proposal that provided for
“privileged partnership” for Turkey instead of full membership. The
EU resolutions, which are not binding, will be cited in the final
communiqué that will be published at the conclusion of the EU summit.

“Voting in favour of Turkey”

It was observed that, in the vote conducted in the General Assembly,
the Socialist, Liberal, and Green parliamentarians, as well as the
British, Spanish, and Italian members of the Christian Democratic
group, voted in favor of Turkey.

The report drafted by Dutch Christian [Democratic] parliamentarian
Camiel Eurlings, and the advisory resolution based on it, called for
“priority to be given, at the beginning of the negotiations, to the
political criteria being put into implementation.”

The advisory resolution, which called upon the TGNA [Turkish Grand
National Assembly] to approve the six legal changes contained in the
EU Commission’s Progress Report, proposed the “utilization by the EU
Commission of an effective political dialogue, involving a close
monitoring process and providing for a suspension of negotiations if
necessary.”

The deputies who cast their votes in favor of Turkey raised placards
reading ‘evet’ [‘yes’] in Turkish.

“Demonstrations for and against Turkey”

Following the EP’s passage of the advisory resolution which
recommended that the EU initiate full membership negotiations with
Turkey, the city of Strasbourg was the stage of demonstrations both
in favor of and opposing Turkish EU membership.

Supporters of the extreme-right National Front Party in France staged
a demonstration in the center of the city in order to oppose Turkey’s
membership in the EU.

In response to the extreme rightists’ demonstration, a march in favor
of Turkey’s EU membership was staged through the initiative of the
French organization “Justice and Liberty”.

Turkish immigrants in Strasbourg also showed great interest in the
march.

“Eurlings: We want to give Turkey a fair chance”

EP Turkey Rapporteur Camiel Eurlings said that the EU has to give
Turkey a fair chance. Following the voting on the advisory resolution
that the EU take up full membership negotiations with Turkey,
Eurlings and EP Speaker Josep Borrel held a joint press conference.

In the press conference, Eurlings, stating that he was very pleased
with the acceptance of the report and the advisory resolution that he
had drafted, said that priority must be given to the implementation
of the political criteria following the initiation of negotiations.

“Torture and religious minorities”

Eurlings, asserting that “Torture incidents, in particular, must be
prevented”, also stated that “There must be no restrictions on the
worship of religious minorities.”

Eurlings said that “Just as people can easily build mosques in
Europe, it has to be possible for churches to be built in Turkey.”
Noting that the debate on Turkey’s EU membership by both the European
public and the EP has been extremely beneficial, Eurlings said “Not
to discuss this topic in an open way would not be good for Turkey or
for the EU.”

“Borrel: Prejudices regarding Turkey must be abandoned”

As for EP Speaker Josep Borrel, he stated in his remarks that
European public opinion fears Turkey’s membership because it is not
well acquainted with Turkey.

Borrel, stating that there are also prejudices that derive from
history, said that the EP also has responsibilities for making Turkey
known to European public opinion.

Borrel, in response to a question, said that he had decided, in
accordance with the EP by-laws, for the vote to be a secret ballot on
the grounds that requests for this had come from a sufficient number
of parliamentarians.

Representatives of the Socialist, Liberal, and Green groups, who
spoke prior to the vote held in the EP today, had opposed the secret
ballot on grounds of the principle of transparency.

Borrel, noting that Turkey has carried out important reforms, said:
“In my view, Turkey has won the right to begin negotiations with the
EU on full membership.”

“Turkey must recognize the Republic of Cyprus”

Borrel, stating that with the advisory resolution that the EP passed
today, he “reminded Turkey of the reality that the negotiations will
be conducted with the 25 countries of the EU”, said that Turkey also
has to recognize the Republic of Cyprus, because it will be sitting
down to the table with it as well”.

[05] Former Turkish Ambassador and CNN-TURK commentator Yalim Eralp:
“It is possible to establish a provisional solution government”
YENIDUZEN correspondent Sami Ozuslu who went to Brussels to cover the
EU Summit, had a short interview with former Turkish ambassador and
CNN-TURK commentator, Mr Yalim Eralp. Following is the text of the
interview:
Question: Prior to the Brussels Summit if Turkey gets a date what
kind of change could be in Turkey´s Cyprus policy, do you expect any
forward move?

Eralp: I think now others as well will make a forward move. May be Mr
Denktas could propose to Papadopoulos to establish a provisional
solution government.

Question: What would be the system of the provisional government?
Eralp: Of course, the Provisional Government could be a federative
government within the framework of the Annan Plan.

However, searching for the settlement could be envisaged within this
government between Denktas and Papadopoulos.

Question: What do you think about the medium and long-term?
Eralp:This depends on the developments. If Turkey cannot enter into
the EU, then I see a Cyprus settlement very far away.

Question: That is, you do not see any steps to be taken in Cyprus
until Turkey´s accession?

Eralp: I do expect. But if the negotiations are open-ended, then the
settlement in Cyprus should be open ended. It should be bit by bit.
Question: thus, this means putting the Turkish Cypriots and North
Cyprus into the freezer?

Eralp: NO, not to put into the freezer. Slowly, slowly, it should be
integrated, but if Turkey will not be EU member why should it settle
the Cyprus problem then? If it solves, it will be considered stupid.
Aren´t they saying `the Cyprus problem is an obstacle to our EU
membership?” In that case let us turn it upside down and say `why
should I settle the Cyprus problem since I am not a member of EU?”

Question: What do you expect Turkey will get from Brussels? Eralp: I
think Turkey will get a date, however, what is important is the true
nature of the obstacles. That is, your say full membership and you
put such obstacles (Eralp uses the word thorns) that it turns into a
privileged status. One has to pay attention to this”.

[06] Turkish Cypriot newspaper speaks of a possible Cyprus summit in
Brussels in view of Annan´s presence
Turkish Cypriot daily YENIDUZEN newspaper (16.12.04) reports under
banner headlines “One should not be surprised if a Cyprus summit is
held in Brussels” and says that Turkish Industrialists and
Businessmen Association, TUSIAD´s permanent representative at the EU,
Bahadir Kaleagasi has said that UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan´s
arrival to Brussels makes possible the holding of a “Cyprus Summit”
there.
In a statement to YENIDUZEN, Kaleagasi said that it is also possible
that immediately after the EU summit, President Papadopoulos, Prime
Minister Erdogan and Kofi Annan could meet in Brussels. He went on
and said that Turkish Cypriot leader Mehmet Ali Talat as well could
be invited to Brussels.

Kaleagasi added that Turkey is yet to pen its cards, and that Turkey,
which supported the Annan Plan, will not recognize the Republic of
Cyprus in its present form.

“It is possible that a Cyprus summit could be held with the arrival
of the UN Secretary-General”, he said.

“The whole intention of Papadopoulos is to realize the recognition
and burry the Annan Plan in the annals of history. In order to
preclude this, Turkey should stand firm. We have lost in Helsinki and
Papadopoulos got strong. Now Turkey came face to face with the
Papapdopoulos reality”, Kaleagasi concluded.

[07] Mr Talat said that the Turkish Cypriot leader Rauf Denktas will
start contacts with the political party leaders for the “election”
date
Turkish Cypriot daily KIBRIS newspaper (16/12/04) reports that the
so-called Prime Minister Mehmet Ali Talat, prior to a meeting
yesterday with the so-called Council of Ministers, announced that
they will discuss issues that are in the weekly agenda, adding that
there is nothing extraordinary.
Mr Talat also noted that most probably the Turkish Cypriot leader Mr
Rauf Denktas will start meetings with party leaders on Monday for the
“elections” date.

Commenting on the resolution on Turkey’s progress towards European
Union accession, which was adopted by the European Parliament
yesterday, Mr Talat said that it is an important development.

[08] An opinion poll conducted in the occupied areas shows the
Republican Turkish Party in the lead with 31%
Turkish Cypriot daily KIBRISLI newspaper (16.12.04) publishes an
opinion poll regarding the support that the Turkish Cypriot political
parties receive in occupied Cyprus. The opinion poll was conducted by
the Prologue Consulting Ltd.
According to the poll, the Republican Turkish Party-United Forces
(RTP-UF) of Mehmet Ali Talat comes first with 31%, the National Unity
Party (NUP) of Dervis Eroglu comes second with 15%, the Democratic
Party (DP) of Serdar Denktas comes third with 6%, the Peace and
Democracy Movement (PDM) of Mustafa Akinci comes fourth with 3% and
the Communal Liberation Party (CLP) of Huseyin Angolemli comes fifth
with 2%. In addition, 26% are undecided, 9% will vote to none and 8%
is mixed.

Commenting on the results of the opinion poll, KIBRISLI writes inter
alia that the 6% that the DP receives is evaluated in various ways by
the political observers. According to the paper a big percentage of
the undecided persons comes from the NUP and supports that these
persons may vote for the DP in the “elections”. It also writes that
the 17 December Summit’s result will affect the decision of the
undecided persons.

KIBRISLI also writes that someone who evaluates the results must bare
in mind that the Turkish Cypriot parties have not yet decided about
their “candidates” and have neither started they are “election”
campaign nor declared their political position.

——————————————————————————–

[B] COMMENTARIES, EDITORIALS AND ANALYSIS
[09] Columnist in STAR newspaper argues that Turkey intends to
exploit possible resumption of Cyprus talks to avoid signing the
protocol it will commit itself to sign during the EU Summit
Istanbul STAR newspaper (15.12.04) publishes the following commentary
by Zeynep Gurcanli under the title: “The Cyprus chess game in
Brussels”:
“The paragraph on Turkey, other than the date the negotiations would
start, has become finalized prior to the 17 December summit. Only one
major problem remains between Ankara and the European capital cities:
Cyprus.

Two days before the summit a diplomatic chess game in its full sense
is being played between Turkey and the EU.

In response to the “requests of solidarity” of the Greek Cypriots,
who put their EU membership in their “pockets”, the EU has brought
the subject of Cyprus to a “condition, which is not a condition” in
order to start the negotiations with Turkey.

Within this framework, the Netherlands, which is carrying out the EU
Term Presidency, worked out a formula.

The formula found is Turkey’s acceptance of a decree similar to the
one that previously included the Greek Cypriots in the Customs Union,
but with a somewhat more extensive scope.

It was established on Turkey’s signing a protocol expanding the
Ankara Agreement in a manner that would also include the countries,
which are new EU members.

The Netherlands did not only constitute this formula. It also made a
“sounding out” in order to be able to understand whether or not
Ankara would consider this favourably.

It put a sentence, which contained the message, “The EU would meet
with pleasure Turkey’s acceptance of signing the protocol, which
would expand the Ankara Agreement in a manner that would also include
the new members of the EU.” Furthermore, this sentence was put in the
Turkey part in the declaration and the subject of Cyprus completely
became a “condition, which is not a condition,” for the negotiations.

Ankara’s reaction against this came from Foreign Minister Abdullah
Gul. Minister Gul, in a letter he sent to all of the EU countries,
listed one by one all of the elements that Turkey could not accept in
the first draft prepared by the Netherlands. Within these elements,
he also included putting the Cyprus subject into the Turkey
paragraph. And he made the criticism, “Putting the Cyprus subject
directly into the Turkey paragraph gives the impression that this
problem has been transformed into a condition for starting the
negotiations.”

But Minister Gul did not show any reaction to the part in the draft
text related to the signing of the protocol. And the Netherlands, in
the drafts it prepared later, removed the Cyprus paragraph from the
Turkey section in accordance with the criticisms of Minister Gul and
placed it in the appendix section. But still, it did not change the
expression related to the signing of the protocol.

What is interesting is that Ankara did not direct a criticism to
these expressions in the drafts, which were prepared later. This
silence of Ankara was interpreted in the EU capital cities that
Turkey would accept to sign this protocol before the negotiations
start.

Subtitle: Resuming the Cyprus talks

Putting the expressions related to the signing of the protocol in the
declaration was the move of the EU side in the diplomatic chess game.
Ankara’s first move in response to this was “to remain silent.” That
is, Ankara neither committed itself nor rejected the signing of the
protocol. Actually, the calculations of the next move in the chess
game lie behind this silence.

All of the signs in Brussels prior to the 17 December summit show
that immediately after giving a negotiation date to Turkey, the peace
talks on Cyprus would be resumed.

Ankara, just as it did in the previous talks, aims to continue its
“encouraging” role in the new round of talks as well.

Starting the Cyprus negotiations would have the meaning of preventing
the Greek Cypriots, who corner Ankara at every opportunity, by using
their title of “full EU member” as they want.

If the Cyprus talks conclude positively, then in any case, the
problem would be solved. But if the talks are prolonged or do not
produce a result, then Turkey, “which encouraged peace,” would gain
time. And it would be saved from signing the Cyprus protocol, which
became a de facto “condition” for the starting the negotiations with
the final move of the Netherlands or it would be able to postpone the
signing of it. The majority of the people in Brussels do not expect a
“last minute bad surprise” just before the summit on 17 December.

Even the statements of the French Foreign Minister Barnier, “We will
bring the Armenian tragedy to the negotiations,” is considered as a
domestic political move, which aims to silence the French socialists
in the opposition and not much importance is attached to it.

These days, both the EU and Ankara are considering 17 December “to be
finished” and are making the moves for the diplomatic struggle, which
will be experienced after this and which will be “real” and
“tougher.” ”

–Boundary_(ID_KwRPQxjcOlzwIEW5q8kprA)–