Author: Karagyozian Lena

RUSSIA MAY TIGHTEN ITS POLICY TOWARDS THE CIS COUNTRIES

WPS Agency
DEFENSE and SECURITY (Russia)
August 18, 2008 Monday
Russia

Parrying the aggression of Georgia against South Ossetia has
demonstrated this

This is understandable because Saakashvili and Yushchenko being
supporters of Washington have become allies in the anti-Russian
attitude a long time ago. But why have Belarus, Kazakhstan, Armenia
and other closest allies of Russia kept silent? Attempts to answer
this question enable us to say that Russia is to blame for such a
stance because of many reasons. Moscow makes too many concessions
and courtesies towards its allies.

But what we are to do?

First, with regard to some unfriendly opponents of Russia, we need to
continue a harsh policy. Taking into account the explosive situation
in South Ossetia and Abkhazia and a possibility of unleashing of a
new large-scale war there, we think that it is necessary to tighten
sanctions of Russia against Georgia. Russia has the right to demand
this from its CSTO allies (exactly, to demand this!). This is not
an arbitrary action but an element of harsh policy. Russia has a
right to, having obtained support of the UN, to undertake a course at
demilitarization of Georgia. For example, it can organize its maritime
and aerial blockade and to implement examination of ships arriving
to its ports via the Black Sea from the standpoint of transportation
of armament and ammunition.

Colonel General Leonid Ivashov, who had been the director of the
main department of international military cooperation in the Defense
Ministry for a long time, announced that Russia stopped combat
operations against Georgia too early and agreed with a dialogue with
intermediaries from the European Union.

Ivashov said, "the victory over Georgia was given to Sarkozy who
already changed the paragraphs of the conflict regulation, which
would definitely have the most negative impact on the geopolitical
interests of Russia in Georgia and in entire South Caucasus in the
future." According to Ivashov, having characterized Georgia as an
aggressor country that allowed genocide of Ossetians and Russians the
Russian authorities had not to enforce peace on Georgia but to achieve
its capitulation as had happened to fascist Germany in the past.

Ivashov says, "for the purpose of prevention of new aggression,
it would be possible to broaden the security zone of South Ossetia
by 30-40 kilometers to the south of the country having reached
Gori. In Western Georgia it would be possible to take the strategic
paths leading to the Black Sea ports of Poti and Batumi under
control. However, we have not even managed to impose a paragraph on
the complete demilitarization of Georgia on the European Union. This
means that we are not protected from new aggressive actions on the
part of Georgia."

Second, we need aggressiveness not only on the military and diplomatic
level but also on the economic one. Russia has economic leverage to
pressure Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova. It is necessary to reinforce
them. Russia is catastrophically losing many markets on the territory
of the CIS but invests petrodollars in the economy of the US and other
Western countries. Why cannot we invest them in the economies of the
aforementioned countries thus connecting them to our country not only
in business but also in policy? Probably then they will become more
loyal towards Moscow?

Third, it is necessary to give up the tactic of "sick and carrot"
towards the allies of Russia in the post-Soviet space (first of all,
in the field of military technological cooperation). It is necessary
to tell the CSTO allies: security in exchange for economic concessions
in business.

Fourth, it is really high time for Moscow to manifest its will and to
fulfill what is written in the foreign policy concept (FPC) with regard
to the role of the collective security system in the post-Soviet
space. For example, the FPC says that Russia views the CSTO as
"a key tool in maintenance of stability and provision of security
in the CIS emphasizing adaptation of the CSTO as a multifunctional
integration structure to the changing situation and transformation
of the organization into the main institution of security provision
in the zone of its responsibility." Unfortunately, this has been
said at least for ten years. However, the CSTO was passive when
the "tulip" revolution happened in Kyrgyzstan. There is also no
participation of the CSTO in the peacekeeping activities in the
post-Soviet space. Probably that is why NATO ignores contacts with
this organization. However, Moscow wants to change the situation in
this aspect and this is inspiring.

Henceforth, the plans for improvement of efficiency of the CSTO are
formulated in an official Russian document. It is necessary only to
make the CSTO such key tool in provision of security on the territory
of the CIS like this is written in the FPC.

Fifth, Russia needs to determine its opponents in the CIS in the
conceptual aspect. For example, the FPC says that the attitude
of Russia to sub-regional formations and other structures without
Russian participation in the CIS space is determined "proceeding from
evaluation of their real contribution to provision of good neighborly
relations and stability, their readiness to really take into account
the legal Russian interests and to respect the already existing
mechanisms of cooperation like the CIS, CSTO, Eurasian Economic
Union and Shanghai Cooperation Organization." It seems that this
is written correctly but the aforementioned mechanisms themselves
require improvement. This means that in its activities Russia needs
to write principles of interaction with these organizations in a
more. It seems that this is written correctly but the aforementioned
mechanisms themselves require improvement. This means that in its
activities Russia needs to outline the principles of interaction
with these organizations in a more detailed manner and clearer. We
should not be afraid of harshness. If Russia has real allies they
will understand this harshness. This means that we need to build a
new system of relations and contacts with them.

It is also possible to mention other necessary measures in foreign
policy of Russia towards the CIS countries. These measures will be
justified if they lead to growth of authority of Russia as the leading
country in the CIS.

Source: . The events connected with the conduction of the operation
of peace enforcement in the zones of the Georgian-Ossetian and
Georgian-Abkhaz conflicts by Russia have demonstrated not only the
increased combat readiness of the Armed Forces of Russia but also the
will of our country to defend its geopolitical interests in the South
Caucasian region. The main principles of resolving of the conflict
situation between Russia and Georgia were determined with mediation of
France. It would seem that having used military force Russia achieved
what it wanted: the aggressor was ousted from the territory of South
Ossetia and measures of humanitarian and political nature for provision
of assistance to the suffered population were taken. Meanwhile, if
we analyze lessons of these events, we encounter a very sad fact: the
allies of Russia in the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
and in other organizations did not support Russia in a difficult time.

When the Russian troops were parrying the attack of the Georgian
aggressor at South Ossetia tete-a-tete, assistance was coming
only from the regions of Russia and CIS countries had either
incomprehensible silence or ardent zealous condemnation of Moscow,
which was demonstrated by the regime of Victor Yushchenko.

OUTSIDE VIEW: RUSSIAN AIR POWER — PART 2
By Nikita Petrov

United Press International
Aug 19 2008

Past problems with lack of funding for pilot and crew training have
led to strange incidents in the Russian air force.

A few years ago, a Maj. Troyanov lost orientation in the Baltic sky
and, instead of Kaliningrad region, flew over Lithuania and had to
eject from the aircraft when his plane ran out of fuel. It was later
established that Troyanov had had just seven hours of flight experience
in the year preceding the incident. Lack of combat experience was
among the reasons for the loss of two planes during the peacekeeping
operation in South Ossetia.

Currently the Russian air force has enough fuel, three-star
Col. Gen. Alexander Zelin, the commander of the Russian air force,
told a recent news conference in Moscow. By now, the average flying
time among tactical and army aviation pilots has risen to around 90
hours a year. Special attention is paid to young pilots.

The flying time for the crews of strategic bombers has also increased
considerably. Starting from Aug. 17, 2007, Tupolev Tu-160 Blackjack and
Tupolev Tu-95MS Bear war planes resumed flights over the Atlantic,
Pacific and Arctic oceans. Since then, the crews have conducted
more than 150 patrols amid "counteraction by aviation of neighboring
countries," Zelin said.

NATO fighters approached very close to Russian planes, sometimes
beyond safety regulations, aiming their weapons, and the Russian
crews responded, although they had no combat missiles on board, by
simulating firing at the "potential adversaries," practicing repelling
"hostile" attacks. In fact, it was joint combat training.

During the 2007-2008 joint drills with Russia’s Northern and Black
Sea fleets in the Atlantic, long-range aircraft for the first time
in many years saw intensive action far away from their bases. They
rehearsed the destruction of naval targets together with ships,
naval aviation, air defense and shipboard missile systems.

This year Russian army aviation crews have conducted a few dozen
tactical training exercises with live firing of missiles at aerial,
ground and naval targets. The exercises were usually part of joint
drills with motorized infantry, coastal units and navy vessels. This
proves that the Russian armed forces command is focused on simultaneous
multirole combat employment of troops on the ground, in the air and
at sea.

Joint drills of long-range aviation and navy ships are scheduled to
be held in the Indian Ocean this year. Last year’s cruise will be
repeated, but with new objectives and in new conditions.

Another priority is the further development of the joint air defense
system of the Russian-led Commonwealth of Independent States, which
is the only operational defensive system within the C.I.S. countries,
Zelin said.

Besides Russia, this system comprises the air defense troops of
Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Armenia and
Ukraine. The C.I.S. countries are now facing the task of improving
the control system of the joint air defense and securing mutual
information exchanges concerning the situation at the frontiers of
the commonwealth.

Currently a universal automation equipment complex for command and
control centers is under development on request by the C.I.S. Air
Defense Coordination Committee. Air defense troops from the member
countries are engaged in joint combat duty. Around 100 warplanes at
a time take part in drills within this system.

The Russian air force still has a lot of problems to be solved,
Zelin said. Nevertheless, it is clear that it is recovering, he added.

AMERICA’S POSITIONS CHANGING
by Gevorg Harutyunyan

Hayots Ashkharh
Aug 5 2008
Armenia

[Correspondent] Finally Marie Yovanovitch has been approved to the
office of US ambassador to Armenia. How would you comment on this?

[Manoyan] The fact of the approval of the new ambassador in the
[US] Senate is interesting, as it is the consequence of an important
event. The matter is that there were senators until the last moment
who were ready to thwart or delay the approval of this candidacy as
well. Their behaviour changed after the Department of State forwarded
two statements to the chairman of the US Senate Foreign Relations
Committee. Turkey is speaking about it [these statements] only now,
as it did not grasp their meaning at the moment.

According to one of the statements, the USA believes that the
Ottoman Empire was responsible for the events in Ottoman Turkey in
the beginning of the previous century [the killing of Armenians in
1915]. Until now it was said in all cases that the slaughter was
carried out on the territory of the Ottoman Empire, but it was not
specified who was responsible. Now it is stated that soldiers and
officials of the empire carried out everything.

The second statement of the Department of State clarified that
the initiative to establish a commission of Armenian and Turkish
archival scientists did not in any way question the facts that took
place, but ensured the best guarantee of preserving all the existing
archives. These two changes in the behaviour of the USA, in particular
of the Department of State, were the reason for the senators’ consent
to approve Marie Yovanovitch’s candidacy.

[Correspondent] How can this change in the USA’s positions influence
the issue of recognizing the Armenian genocide?

[Manoyan] I believe that the USA’s behaviour has changed
significantly. If the former candidate [for ambassador to Armenia
Richard] Hoagland implied that the sides should reconcile with their
past and have a dialogue, by saying reconciliation, Marie Yovanovitch
clearly states that Turkey should reconcile with its past.

It is clear that these changes are not a consequence of individual
approaches, but a consequence of the change in the behaviour of the
Department of State. From this point of view, I believe the recognition
of the Armenian genocide by the US president is not very far.

[Correspondent] Do you think [Turkish President] Abdullah Gul can
accept [Armenian President] Serzh Sargsyan’s invitation and they
will watch the football match between the [Armenian and Turkish]
national teams on 6 September [in Yerevan]?

[Manoyan] It is important to state once again that the invitation
does not imply any changes in Armenia’s foreign policy regarding
the recognition of the Armenian genocide. Both the [Armenian]
president’s statement and the talks held between the Armenian and
Turkish delegations in Bern [Switzerland] are an attempt to achieve
progress in relations between the two countries.

Meanwhile, the invitation and the offer to establish an
Armenian-Turkish commission have created an impression that the fact
of the genocide is being questioned. This was denied both in Serzh
Sargsyan’s article published in the Wall Street Journal, and in
the statements of top officials. It became clear that the president
offered to establish a commission to discuss any issue after opening
the Armenian-Turkish border and establishing diplomatic relations. The
commission of historians will discuss not the fact of the genocide
but will restore the details of the genocide.

These positions are much more in tune with the policy that Armenia
has adopted and with the content of the letter of [former President]
Robert Kocharyan addressed to President [in fact, Turkish Prime
Minister] Recep Tayyip Erdogan. The issue of establishing an
intergovernmental commission was discussed in the letter. And
establishing an intergovernmental commission first of all implies
mutual recognition of the governments.

The Dashnaktsutyun has also said in its statement that no Armenian
president can doubt the fact of the Armenian genocide. At the same
time, it voiced concern over accepting any of Turkey’s preconditions
set in exchange for opening the borders, removing the blockade and
establishing diplomatic conditions. If there are preconditions,
then Armenia has much more grounds for setting both political, moral
and legal preconditions for Turkey. Finally, Armenia and Turkey will
not be the only states which will have both diplomatic relations and
territorial disputes. In this situation the Turkish government will
to some extent boost its foreign policy efforts.

This is an assumption, and I do not rule out that Gul may accept
Serzh Sargsyan’s invitation and will watch the game of the national
football teams at the Hrazdan stadium.

Ararat
Review by John Cornwell

FT
August 11 2008

Ararat
By Frank Westerman
translated by Sam Garrett
Harvill Secker £16.99, 244 pages
FT Bookshop price: £13.59

Alongside the allure of the Holy Grail, which enjoyed a frenzied
revival with Dan Brown’s Da Vinci Code, the quest for Noah’s Ark ranks
as one of the top will-o’-the-wisps in the history of religion. The
Genesis story, shared by Judaism, Christianity and Islam, has it that
God, angry at human wickedness, flooded the earth. He saved just Noah
and his family, along with all living species, by advising him to build
a survival ark. According to the story, when the waters subsided,
Noah’s ark came to rest on Mount Ararat. The mountain, a volcanic peak
5,137m high, lies within Turkey’s borders ` a fact resented by Armenia,
which claims the territory surrounding the mountain and nurses bitter
memories of murderous Turkish oppression and annexation after the first
world war. It has long been assumed by scriptural literalists that the
remains of the ark are to be found somewhere on the mountainside.

The Dutch author Frank Westerman is a student of mathematics and
natural sciences, who was brought up as an evangelical Protestant. In
2005, he embarked on a trip to Ararat to sort out his thoughts about
faith, reason and the Bible. The result, Ararat, is an entertaining mix
of memoir, meditation, history and travel, with a rather thin
contribution to current squabbles over science and religion. The
central, compelling theme is the fascination exerted by the ark, the
discovery of which ` in the minds of Christian fundamentalists ` would
give tangible credibility to the biblical account of creation and the
flood. Westerman’s vividly recounted stories of attempts to conquer
Ararat’s inhospitable slopes include the ascent of Ararat by the German
scholar Friedrich Parrot, who reached the summit in 1829 despite a
prevailing Armenian tradition that the mountain is unconquerable due to
the presence of avenging angels. Parrot got to the summit and at least
disproved that bit of taboo. Since then, there have been many more
expeditions to the mountain, many hoping for sight of the ark, with a
sudden increase following the end of the cold war. Down the years, odd
bits of old wood have been claimed as ark relics. Among the celebrated
`sightings’ was a photograph of an object taken in 1972 by a satellite
that has been interpreted by biblical enthusiasts as having the same
proportions as the ark. Then there was the American astronaut James
Irwin, who famously felt the presence of God on a space walk and was
drawn to Ararat in search of proof for his faith. He found a few bits
of rotting skis.

Westerman tells us that on the way up Ararat (I won’t spoil the story
of his final assault), he realised that he had long ago rejected
religion and put his entire trust in science. `Beyond the veil of the
tabernacle there was nothing, and along Ararat’s snowline were no
angels with swords of fire.’ Yet his conviction that synergies between
science and religion depend on such activities as ark hunting is
misleadingly superficial. Outside of fundamentalist creationists,
scholars engaged on reconciling science and religion are more
interested nowadays in philosophical questions, such as why there is
something rather than nothing, than in chasing holy grails and bits of
the ark.

It is equally misleading to conclude with Westerman that absence of
Ararat’s ark conclusively undermines religion. All the same, Westerman
concedes that the Noah story is a very good one and that good stories `
despite being entirely fictional ` often contain strong elements of
truth-telling. In an ominous warning that goes to the heart of a new,
scientifically argued, flood story, he observes that one of Ararat’s
glaciers is showing signs of global warming and the coming rise of the
oceans: a consequence of human abuse of the planet if not downright
wickedness prompting divine wrath. Hence, in the dodgiest of religious
myths, he concludes, there can be more than a grain of sober truth.

John Cornwell is the author of `Darwin’s Angel: An Angelic Riposte to
`The God Delusion’ (Profile)

72 freight cars for Armenia delayed on Gori-Tbilisi railway section

YEREVAN, August 16. /ARKA/. A blown-up bridge on the Gori-Tbilisi
railway section detained 72 freight cars for Armenia.

The bridge, which was blown up on August 16, is located 40km away of
Gori, the RA Ministry of Transport and Communication reports.

Susanna Tonoyan, Press Secretary of the RA Ministry of Transport and
Communication, said that Armenia is considering alternatives ways of
delivering the cargo.

She said that forwarding companies had delivered 62 carloads of cargoes
to Armenia before the incident.

Tonoyan also said that the damage is being estimated. P.T. `0–

OPEN SOCIETY FOR DISABLED 2008 COMPETITION ANNOUNCED IN ARMENIA

ARKA
Aug 15, 2008

YEREVAN, August 15. /ARKA/. Armenia’s Ministry of Labor and Social
Affairs and the USAID Armenia have announced a competition Open
Society for the Disabled 2008.

The organizers say the purpose of the competition is to help disabled
people integrate into mainstream Armenian society and easily use
public facilities.

The participants are to submit projects that help facilitate life of
disabled people.

The candidates are to submit performance information to the Disabled
and Elderly Department, RA Ministry of Labor, not later than December
20, 2008.

According to official information, 158,000 people with disabilities
live in Armenia.

CBA ISSUES SILVER COMMEMORATIVE COIN DEDICATED TO 75TH ANNIVERSARY OF FOUNDATION OF SPENDIARIAN STATE ACADEMIC THEATRE OF OPERA AND BALLET

Noyan Tapan

Au g 13, 2008

YEREVAN, AUGUST 13, NOYAN TAPAN. The Central Bank of Armenia (CBA) has
issued a silver commemorative coin dedicated to the 75th anniversary
of Alexander Spendiarian State Academic Theatre of Opera and Ballet.

According to the CBA PR Service, the obverse features an image of
Monument to A. Spendiarian against the background of Spendiarian
State Academic Theatre of Opera and Ballet. The nominal value "1000
DRAMS" is inscribed in embossed letters on the monument. All this
is encircled. "Central Bank of Armenia 2008" is engraved between the
circle and the edge.

Two ballet dancers are depicted on the upper right of the
reverse. Various musical instruments are depicted on the remaining part
of the reverse. The lower left part has an inscription in two lines:
"75" and "Anniversary".

There is an inscription "Spendiarian Opera and Ballet Theatre" in a
circle at the edge.

The designers are Harutyun Samuelian (obverse) and Edward Kurghinian
(reverse). The coin was minted at the Mint of the Czech Republic.

Its nominal value is 1,000 drams, it is made of silver (925 hallmark),
its weight is 33.6 grams, diameter – 40 mm. The number of issued
coins is 500.

SWEDISH WRESTLER ARA ABRAHAMIAN THROWS AWAY MEDAL IN OLYMPIC HISSY FIT
By Andy Hooper and agencies

Telegraph.co.uk
14 Aug 2008
United Kingdom

While an Olympic medal would be seen by most athletes as the ultimate
reward for a lifetime’s work, Swedish wrestler Ara Abrahamian was
less than pleased with the bronze he won at the Chinese Agricultural
University Gym.

Unwanted: Abrahamian’s discarded medal – Photo: Reuters

Under the cosh: Andrea Minguzzi gets to grips with the Swede Photo: AP
Head to head: Abrahamian furious at judge Photo: Reuters Confrontation:
Abrahamian blasts judges after defeat Photo: AP Worthless: Abrahamian
looks at his token of defeat Photo: Reuters You can keep your medal:
Abrahamian storms out of presentation ceremony Photo: Getty Images

Abrahamian threw down his 84kg greco-roman bronze in disgust after his
shot at gold was ended by a decision denounced by the Swedish coach as
"politics".

Abrahamian took the medal from around his neck during the medal
ceremony, stepped from the podium and dropped it in the middle of
the mat before storming off.

The Swedish wrestler had to be restrained by team-mates earlier as a
row erupted with judges over the decision in a semi-final bout with
Andrea Minguzzi of Italy, who went on the take gold.

Abrhamian, who won silver at the Athens 2004 Games, shouted at the
referee and judges then went over to confront judges, angrily throwing
off the restraining arm of a team official.

Swedish fans booed loudly as the judges filed out of the
arena. Abrahamian said nothing to waiting reporters but whacked an
aluminium barricade with his fist as he left the hall.

"It’s all politics," said Swedish coach Leo Myllari.

Myllari did not say if he intended to lodge a formal protest over the
decision by referee Jean-Marc Petoud of Switzerland, judge Lee Ronald
Mackay of Canada, and mat chairman Guillermo Orestes Molina of Cuba.

Other favourites went out in the semi-finals or earlier. Athens
96kg gold medallist Karam Gaber of Egypt failed to make it to the
quarter-finals. Aleksey Mishin of Russia, who took Athens gold in
the 84kg class, was beaten by Minguzzi.

Ramaz Nozazde of Georgia, who took silver in Athens, succumbed to
Marek Svec of the Czech Republic, still fighting at age 35. Svec then
lost to Russia’s European champion Aslanbek Kushtov, who caught him
with a spectacular fall.

In the heavyweight 120kg class, Armenia’s Yuri Patrikeev and Dremiel
Byers of the United States, both favoured as finalists, failed to
go through.

TransWorldNews (press release), GA

Sports News

2008 Beijing Olympics Results: Russia’s Nazyr Mankiev Takes Gold in
Men’s 55kg Greco-Roman Wrestling

Atlanta, Ga. 8/12/2008 07:11 PM GMT (TransWorldNews)

Russia’s Nazyr Mankiev took to the mat and captured gold at the 2008
Beijing Olympics in the men’s 55kg Greco-Roman wrestling event.

Mankiev beat Azerbaijan’s Rovshan Bayramov in the finals, taking the
first two periods of the best-of-three finals to earn gold. Bayramov
was awarded with the silver.

Roman Amoyan of Armenia and Park Eunchol of South Korea each earned
bronze.

Wrestling – Men’s Greco-Roman 55kg Results

Nazyr Mankiev, Russia

Rovshan Bayramov, Azerbaijan

Roman Amoyan, Armenia

Park Eunchol, South Korea

ACCORDING TO EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF "STAR", LEGISLATION IMPEDES WORK OF SUPERMARKETS

Noyan Tapan

Au g 12, 2008

YEREVAN, AUGUST 12, NOYAN TAPAN. The tax legislation of Armenia
does not respond to the challenges faced by retail trade in recent
years – to the introduction of information technologies and the
best IT equipment, as a result of which the work of self-service
supermarkets becomes either extremely difficult or impossible. Vahan
Kerobian, executive director of Star company owning "Star" network
of supermarkets, stated this at the August 12 press conference. In
his words, his statement was prompted by the fact that in accordance
with the Law on Suspension of Operation of Cash Register Users, the
work of several shops in Yerevan was suspended for 5 days recently
by the State Tax Service (STS).

Welcoming the government program on most transparent and open
reforms in the economy, "Star" at the same time urges to cooperate
with businessmen with the aim of improving the legislative
field. V. Kerobian said that the government and the STS view tax
reforms only from the punitive point of view which rules out the
tendency to cooperate with business circles and perceive their needs
and proposals.

In particular, it was proposed legalizing the technological
solutions used at "Star" supermarkets. According to V. Kerobian,
it will faciliate administration by STS. He expressed confidence
that the solutions proposed by the RA ministry of trade and economic
development concerning the use of cash registers cannot be applied
in Armenia. 100 types of cash registers envisaged for small shops are
allowed for use in Armenia. "We propose also legalizing cash registers
intended for use in supermarkets," V. Kerobian said, adding that this
proposal has received no response.

Besides, it was proposed to give some time to ensure "Armenization"
of checks of the cash registers used in supermarkets so that the
requirements of the RA Law on Language will be fulfilled. There was
no response to this proposal either.

By forecasts of V. Kerobian, the share of supermarkets in retail
trade will continue to grow and their operation will extend beyond
Yerevan. According to him, 5-7% of food retail trade in Armenia
is conducted at supermarkets, while half of supermarket trade is
conducted at "Star" supermarkets. "Star" supermarket network employs
1,400 people. The average daily amount of sales per an employee of
the network makes 55-60 thousand drams (3-200) exceeding several fold
the same index of shops and fairs.