Judgement Day: Looks Can Be Deceiving

JUDGEMENT DAY: LOOKS CAN BE DECEIVING
By Paul Kasabian

Colgate Maroon News
s-can-be-deceiving-1.1292338
April 1 2010

Humans have this innate nature to become temporary savants after a
momentous event occurs in their lives, remembering minute details of
the day associated with said event.

On the afternoon of 9/11, I came home to the smell of faint smoke in
the air that drifted east from Lower Manhattan to Long Island.

The day after Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans, I stood in a cracked
driveway in late August and told my friend what had happened after
he arrived home from a trip abroad.

I knew what happened at 11 p.m. on November 4, 2008 even though I
wasn’t in front of a television screen, because the screams from
the Barack Obama supporters at Donovan’s Pub ripped through the cold
air and echoed to the Birch Complex parking lot, where I was walking
after picking up Slices wings.

When I was told quite seriously by a fellow Colgate student that she
hated Armenians, including myself, I was sitting cross-legged in a
circle with my FSEM at Orientation.

Wait, what?

The date was Thursday, August 24, 2006, it was around 5 p.m., the
grass was emerald green, the sky was North Carolina blue and I didn’t
even know her name.

To give a little more background about the incident, my FSEM was
playing mundane get-to-know-you games made tolerable because our
amicable Link was giving us candy.

One of these games mandated us to pick a jolly rancher out of a bag,
and then answer a question associated with a specific color. So, for
example, picking a green jolly rancher meant that you had to tell your
new friends how many pets you have. I picked that green jolly rancher,
and being petless and unable to answer that question, my Link then
asked what my nickname was. Not having a nickname, I was up a creek
without a paddle. It was then decided that the group’s weekend goal
would be to give me a nickname. Splendid.

Around a half hour later, one student then asked what my middle name
was, in hopes that maybe he could work with that.

"Kevork," I replied. "It’s Armenian for George."

Though I am extremely proud of my heritage, telling people my
middle name always starts the same conversation and is a natural
attention-grabber, so I figured I might regret this.

"Oh, you’re Armenian?" one girl asked, to which I quickly responded
yes. "No offense, but I kind of hate them."

Sweet. I’m making friends already. I then take the opportunity to
advance our intellectual conversation by politely asking what her
issue was with my nationality.

"There are a lot of them where I come from. They just drive their BMW’s
around all the time and blast music, and they’re really loud and rude."

What’s funny, or maybe really sad, is that I was pretty apathetic
that someone would have the gall to tell me that.

Four years prior to my time at Colgate, I attended a Catholic pre
k-8 school in Long Island, where it was about as likely to find an
Armenian as it was for a Satanist to be teaching religion classes.

I attended the school for four years, and much of that time was spent
merely defending myself. Many memories, from taking a kid’s sneaker
and beating him with it, to fighting off ten kids on the playground
at once, to being called "Osama" after 9/11, to fighting people on the
bus every day, stick with me. Once in a blue moon these tidal waves of
memories flood back to me, and then I just shake my head and move on.

That’s what I did after the student told me her justification for
hating Armenians; I just shook my head and moved on. Nothing else to
do, really.

As I look back though on these experiences, what may bother me most
are not the particular actions taken by fellow students at my middle
school, or the words told to me during Orientation. It’s the fact
that people decided to make a judgment of who I am as a person based
on my nationality.

The problems I dealt with, though, are emblematic of a larger societal
issue. We live in a cruelly judgmental society, where many people
make snap decisions of others based off race, social associations,
nationality, looks, you name it. I’m not going to sit here and tell you
that I’m perfect, because I’m very far from it, and I’m not going to
sit here and tell you that judgmental thoughts don’t cross my mind
occasionally. But when you are on the flipside of a judgment for
as long as I was, however, you begin to realize how awful the act
actually is. Anyone who says they haven’t been on the wrong end of
such an act and then felt like complete crap afterwards, no matter
their social status, is a liar.

The danger of associating people with stereotypes is inherent and
natural, but if you put aside the ridiculous notions, you realize
that individuals are inherently deeper than any sort of socially
constructed image or stereotype on the surface.

The fraternity brother isn’t a dense, alcoholic asshole; the sorority
sister isn’t a backstabbing and conniving upper-class bitch; an
African-American who lives in HRC and sits in a particular section of
Frank isn’t doing so to "self-segregate" him or herself from Colgate;
the football player isn’t a moron; the feminist isn’t a freak; the
East Hall first-year that decides not to drink isn’t a tool.

Am I too much of an optimist? Maybe. What I do know is based on what
I’ve experienced. Individuals are inherently more profound than the
images they present, and have a lot more to say that what one sees
on the surface.

To base a judgment of someone on certain aspects of that person,
or even worse ridicule them to death based upon those judgments,
is a lot worse than one might think. Every single person deserves
his or her respect.

http://www.maroon-news.com/judgement-day-look

Fear Of Anti-Muslim Backlash After Russia Blast

FEAR OF ANTI-MUSLIM BACKLASH AFTER RUSSIA BLAST

Agence France Presse
March 30, 2010 Tuesday 1:21 PM GMT

Her only fault was she looked different.

Nargiza, a 17-year old daughter of a half-Armenian janitor mother,
was beaten up by enraged Muscovites as their anger over Monday’s metro
bombings linked to Caucasus militants boiled over into blind prejudice.

"She was beaten up in the street, her hair torn, face injured, her
clothes torn,"said Galina Kozhevnikova of Moscow-based Sova Centre,
a rights centre that tracks hate crimes, citing an acquaintance who
witnessed the incident.

The girl — assumed to be Muslim because of her darkish skin —
became an unfortunate victim of a spike in anti-Islamic sentiments
stirred up by the twin bombings that claimed the lives of 39 people,
Kozhevnikova told AFP.

"They stood there, recorded on phones and yelled: go on, finish off
a shahid," said the account posted by the witness, who was not named,
on LiveJournal, one of Russia’s top online communities.

Many Russians refer to suicide bombers as "shahids," the word meaning
"martyrs" throughout the Muslim world.

The country’s FSB security service has linked the attacks to residents
of Russia’s volatile North Caucasus, a largely Muslim region.

Kozhevnikova said the girl has temporarily left the city and was out
of reach. "Everyone is in shock," she said.

In a similar incident, several men and women beat up two headscarved
women on the metro Monday afternoon, yanking them off their seats and
throwing them out of the train, popular radio Ekho of Moscow reported,
citing an unidentified witness.

The witness said no-one had called police and other passengers just
looked on. A spokesman for the Moscow metro police told AFP no such
incident had been registered.

In a country where anti-immigrant sentiments are already running high,
such incidents are to be feared after the attacks, the deadliest
since 2004 when similar metro blasts killed 41, say hate crime experts.

Kozhevnikova, whose centre has recorded several separate incidents
since Monday, estimated that there could have been at least 10 such
attacks in Moscow as more went unrecorded.

But they will remain isolated incidents unless authorities and media
choose to whip up anti-immigrant hysteria, analysts say.

"As I see it, the real danger is that such incidents could be used by
politicians," said Leokadia Drobizheva, head of the Research Centre
for Inter ethnic Relations at the Russian Academy of Sciences.

With around 2.5 million migrant workers, Russia has the second largest
migrant worker population after the United States.

After the blasts law enforcement officials pledged to beef up security
and President Dmitry Medvedev on Tuesday urged officials to improve
anti-terror laws.

Immigrant leaders said those measures would almost inevitably make
life harder for thousands of workers living in Moscow where they can
now expect tougher immigration rules.

"I have a feeling of foreboding," Alisher Madanbekov, a leader of
Moscow’s Kyrgyz diaspora told AFP.

"When terror attacks hit before, labour migrants were the first to
suffer," added Usmon Baratov, a leader of Moscow-based Uzbek community.

Human rights activists say officials have long turned a blind eye to
nationalism and xenophobia in a country where racially-motivated acts
of vandalism and attacks have become a regular occurrence.

According to the Moscow Bureau for Human Rights, between January and
mid-March of this year there were 31 xenophobic attacks that killed
10 and injured 28 in Russia

But while diaspora leaders say the authorities will tighten the screws
they do not expect mass violent attacks from ordinary Russians.

"People of non-Slavic appearance will for the next several days be
afraid to get out on the street," said Sova’s Kozhevnikova.

"But Russians gradually realize that people from the Caucasus and
terrorists are not the same."

"Strengthening Serzh Sargsyan’s Bases"

"STRENGTHENING SERZH SARGSYAN’S BASES"

30/kocharyan
03:38 pm | March 30, 2010

Politics

"Ninety percent of the current issues facing Armenia’s economy have
been accumulated as a result of the economic policies in the past
decade," former president of the RA Central Bank, economist Bagrat
Asatryan told "A1+" today regarding Kocharyan’s recent analysis of
Armenia’s economy.

According to Asatryan, the world could not have had such a serious
impact on Armenia because "Armenia is small, can’t be seen on the
map and the financial-economic crisis couldn’t see Armenia that
well either."

Asatryan says something else is at the core of Kocharyan’s statements.

"Kocharyan is trying to pass political rehabilitation. Nevertheless,
Armenian society associates Kocharyan with the massacres of March 1."

According to Asatryan, there will be more sharp evaluations on the
economy and social policies, "and will create the impression that
there are different views on today’s authorities."

Upon the request of "A1+", Bagrat Asatryan also touched upon the
appropriateness of including enormous amounts of credit for overcoming
the crisis.

"I think the authorities’ unrestricted demand for money last year will
lead to bad things. It will have a negative impact on Armenia’s economy
because the money was not spent, or it wasn’t spent efficiently. We
didn’t need them to use the money for closing the budget gaps, if
they were bringing it only from abroad and with rather high interest
rates," said the former CB president.

He announced that there is an "escape of dram volume" and brought
up figures.

Whereas the prepaid dram was 344 billion drams in December 2008, in
2009 it was 320 billion drams and according to data from March 25,
2010, it was 274 billion drams. In other words, within three months
there has been a reduction of 45 billion drams.

According to Bagrat Asatryan, "the wealthy are the officials and
their families" who prefer not to make investments in Armenia, but
abroad like in Georgia where conditions are more favorable.

Bagrat Asatryan also focused not only on devaluation of the dram,
but deprivation of fame. Today deposits and investments are given
in dollars. In the past year, the volume of credit investments has
increased from 38 percent to 51 percent, while deposits in drams have
gone down from 46 percent to 25 percent.

As far as the core of all issues, Bagrat Asatryan says there is no
clear-cut economic policy, everything is leading to the destruction of
economy and statehood, everything is personalized and the government
is involved in strengthening the bases for Serzh Sargsyan".

http://a1plus.am/en/politics/2010/03/

"Kocharian Frustrated Azerbaijan’s Hopes"

"KOCHARIAN FRUSTRATED AZERBAIJAN’S HOPES"

29/galust-sahakyan
07:33 pm | March 29, 2010

Politics

"Azerbaijani side tolerated Karabakh’s participation in the talks by
1997 as it saw that Armenian leadership lacked resolution and even
imagined Karabakh in the territory of Azerbaijan. But things changed
after 1998," head of the Republican Party (HHK) Galust Sahakyan
told A1+.

With the arrival of Kocahrian’s "resolute team" in 1998, Azerbaijan
realized that Karabakh can no longer remain in the territory of
Azerbaijan and hence toughened its position and wanted to negotiate
only with Armenia.

In reply to A1+’s remark that Karabakh’s withdrawal from the talks is
thus connected with the name of Robert Kocahrian who is said to have
forced the country out of the talks, Mr. Sahakyan said: "No, I do not
mean that. Karabakh did not participate in earlier meetings of the two
countries’ heads and no document on a trilateral meeting was signed."

When reminded of three-lateral negotiations in Helsinki in 1997
mentioned by Armenia’s ex Foreign Minister Alexander Arzumanian
earlier today, Mr. Sahakyan said: "The negotiations were not held
in the framework of a meeting between the countries’ heads. In
fact, Karabakah participated in the signing of ceasefire in 1994
thus becoming a participant of the talks but to blame Kocahrian for
shouldering the responsibility and representing Karabakh in the talks
is a slander, a provocation. I support the statement issued by the
office of Armenia’s second President Robert Kocharian today."

The statement read that Karabakh withdraw from the negotiations before
Kocahrian came to power.

"The Karabakh conflict cannot be settled without Karabakh’s direct
participation in the talks," concluded Mr. Sahakyan.

http://a1plus.am/en/politics/2010/03/

Radiological Center Opens In Yerevan

RADIOLOGICAL CENTER OPENS IN YEREVAN

PanARMENIAN.Net
31.03.2010 16:42 GMT+04:00

/PanARMENIAN.Net/ A radiological center built with the assistance
of the Armenian General Benevolent Union and Yerevan State Medical
University opened in Yerevan on March 31.

In her opening remarks, University rector Gohar Kalyan said that the
center is unique in the South Caucasus. "Three major problems have
been resolved for the past 3 years: a building was built, modern
equipment purchased and specialists trained in the best clinics of
Europe and United States," she said.

The construction cost $4.5 million, of which $1.7 million was provided
by philanthropists Nazar and Artemis Nazarian. At their request,
the center was named after their son, well-known American radiologist
Levon Nazarian. An AMD 2.8 million loan was also made to accomplish
construction and purchase the essential equipment.

After the opening ceremony, attending Armenian President Serzh
Sargsyan, Minister of Healthcare Harutyun Kushkyan and Minister of
Education and Science Armen Ashotyan saw round the building.

Shareholders Of Ameriabank And Cascade Bank Sign Agreement To Merge

SHAREHOLDERS OF AMERIABANK AND CASCADE BANK SIGN AGREEMENT TO MERGE TWO BANKS

Noyan Tapan
March 31, 2010

YEREVAN, MARCH 31, NOYAN TAPAN. TDA Holdings and Cascade Capital
Holdings, shareholders of Ameriabank and Cascade Bank, signed on
March 31 an agreement on the merger of the two banks.

CEO of Ameriabank Artak Hanesian stated at a press conference on the
same day that the merger is a milestone in the history of Armenia’s
financial market. According to him, it is the first market-based bank
merger aimed at consolidating and strengthening the financial sector
of Armenia. The new bank will become one of the strongest financial
institutions in the country.

It was also mentioned that as of 31 December 2009 it was a bank with
consolidated capital of million, assets of 7 million, liabilities
of 2 million and a loan portfolio of 9 million. The merged bank with
such indices will be among the top three banks of Armenia.

CEO of Cascade Bank Aharon Levonian said the main reason for the
merger was to become stronger and more competitive and to establish
a financial institution with greater opportunities. Cascade Bank’s
sole shareholder is Cascade Capital Holdings which was established
in 2004 by the Cafesjian Family Foundation (CFF). In 2009 the profit
of Cascade Bank amounted to million 140 thousand.

Chinari Diary: Tavush Border Village Under Constant Threat Of Azeri

CHINARI DIARY: TAVUSH BORDER VILLAGE UNDER CONSTANT THREAT OF AZERI FIRE
Voskan Sargsyan

2010/ 03/29 | 16:08

Feature Stories society marzes

"Whenever they shoot towards the fields, I put on some music and turn
it up real loud; so they don’t hear the shots,"says Parandzem Aghasyan,
Principal of the nursery in the village of Chinari.

The village of Chinari is the furthest settlement in the district of
Berd, located in the eastern most part of Tavush Marz straddling the
border with Azerbaijan. Head eat out of Chinari and the next stop,
if you’re not shot, is Azerbaijan.

It’s considered a very early settlement but the village is officially
registered as being only 113 years-old. Chinari is 33 kilometers from
Berd as the crow flies. The road is in pretty good shape up till Berd,
paved and all, but once you leave on the other side then starts what’s
affectionately called the "road of pain".

You can usually drive the 12 kilometers from Berd to Verin
Karmiraghbyur in a half hour. But the road is so filled with potholes,
and huge ones at that, that calling it a ‘road’ is being kind.

19 killed along border over the years

Chinari shares a 28 kilometer border with neighboring Azerbaijan.10
Armenian soldiers and 19 local residents have been killed since
hostilities broke out along the border.

The last victim was struck down this past March 1. 29 year-old Sargis
Voskanyan was serving as a conscript in the army when an Azeri sniper
shot and killed this father of two.

Samvel Soghoyan, the 50 year-old village leader, told us that Chinari
residents now living in Moscow and Krasnodar collected $4,000 to assist
the family Sargis Voskanyan left behind. Sargis Vanyan, president of
the Chinari patriotic council in Moscow has promised Mayor Soghoyan
that another 1.5 million AMD in assistance is on the way.

Mayor Soghoyan informed us that two residents were killed and one
injured on June 18, 2008. They were simple villagers working out in
the fields.

"An atmosphere of fear took over after that incident and the exodus
from the area grew. We lost 17 school pupils at once. Statistics show
that ever since the tragic incident of 2008, the village population is
decreasing and with it enrollment at the local elementary school and
kindergarten. Security measures around the village have been beefed
up. A few days ago RoA Defense Minister Seyran Ohanyan vested the area
for the third time. Engineering work on the frontline outposts was
improved in order to prevent shelling from the Azeri side. A directive
was given that Armenian military detachments were to immediately return
fire if Azerbaijani forces targeted Chinari. The Armenians were told
that they didn’t have to wait for orders from headquarters as before,"
he said.

Residents still make risky pilgrimage to 12th century monastery

The 12th century Khoranashat Monastery lies in the upper outskirts of
the village in the most dangerous zone of all. We asked the village
mayor if the trip to the monastery wasn’t risky.

"Sure it’s risky but Chinari residents are a brave lot. Nothing’s
going to stop them for visiting the church," replied Mr. Soghoyan.

The farm land in the upper reaches of the village lies fallow. It’s
within shooting range from Azeri positions and farmers are hesitant
to drive tractors and other equipment into the area. The vineyards
in the lower portions are irrigated by river water. Last year, with
financing from the International Fund for Agricultural Development
(IFAD), a water pipeline was installed running from the Tzil Tzov
Reservoir near the border. The internal irrigation system, however,
is old and in need of repair.

Irrigation and drinking water problems getting solved

The municipality has submitted a draft proposal to the "Hayastan All
Armenia Fund" to get the irrigation system fixed and has presented
an irrigation water plan to the Berd Water Consumers’ Union,
an organization that serves eight local communities. The village
will supply the pipes and a 1.5 kilometer irrigation main will be
installed. This will allow for the irrigation of 50 hectares.

Chinari also has a problem when it comes to farming equipment. What
little exists dates to the Soviet era and its seen better days.

The village could really use a few mini-tractors to use up and down
the rows in the vineyards.

Supplying drinking water is another pressing problem. Pumps built back
in 1972 used to supply the community with drinking water, but they’ve
been out of service since 1991. Residents get their water from the
several springs in the vicinity. They haul out the water manually,
by car and donkey.

As a result of a variety of programs, a plastic pipe was installed
running down from the fountain in an upper neighborhood. Water is
thus supplied to the school, kindergarten and health clinic. People
living in the proximity of the pipe also draw water from it. Mayor
Soghoyan said that the town has submitted a number of proposals to
solve the water issue and that, with any luck, artesian wells will
be drilled come this May.

Municipal debt finally getting paid off

Chinari is one of two communities in Tavush Marz that still has salary
arrears to pay off. Mayor Soghoyan reported that 2.4 million AMD in
debt was repaid in 2009 and that an additional 300,000 AMD was paid
in the 1st quarter of 2010. This leaves a total salary and social
benefits debt of 1.7 million AMD. The mayor says that they plan to
pay off the balance this year.

The 2010 budget of Chinari, population 1,287, is 17 million AMD,
of which 11.9 million comes in the form of government assistance.

Renovation of the community center is also a top priority for Chinari
residents. Work is now underway with 96 million AMD in financing from
the Armenian Social Investment Fund.

Work on the center was scheduled for completion this April but it
has been pushed back since the mayor proposed that a heating system
be installed as well.

The village kindergarten, 1.5 kilometers from the border, has 25
pupils. Over the years, it has often closed due to Azeri shelling,
but only temporarily. Ever since the 2008 shelling incident, the
continued operation of the kindergarten has been questionable.

Mayor Soghoyan displayed a streak of stubbornness dealing with the
issue and gave paid leave to the three kindergarten employees until
parents once again sent their little ones to the school. Principal
Parandzem Aghasyan showed us Azeri bullet traces on the school’s walls.

Kindergarten walls pocket-marked by Azeri bullets

"When the Azeris open fire I gather the children in this one room for
shelter. I close the door and turn up the music so that they won’t
hear the shots and get afraid. I’m the one who gets afraid the most;
but not for myself. I’m afraid for the little ones. I’m responsible
for their safety. Until they all return home safe and sound, I don’t
rest," says Mrs. Aghasyan.

The kindergarten has its supporters. Hakob Hakobyan, the district MP,
has helped with furnishings for the school and kindergarten and has
financially assisted the families of fallen and injured soldiers.

On the day we visited Chinari, smiles broke out on the faces of
the kindergarten children. Representatives of the Turpanjian Rural
Development Program coordinated by the American University of Armenia
had arrived in Chinari loaded down with presents including school
supplies, sheets and towels, soft cuddly toys and smocks for the
employees with their names embroidered on the front.

Zorayr Kirakosyan, who heads the Program’s Tavush office, noted
that it was those involved in the Program who were offering the
assistance and not the organization. Last year they did the same
for Nerkin Karmiraghbyur, another area border village. The visiting
guests presented eleven expecting village moms with a package chock
full of essentials for newborns and wished that births in the border
communities would increase.

The visitors also stopped off at Chinari High School where 152 students
are enrolled and handed over various school supplies and furnishings.

Residents of Chinari are hospitable and industrious people who love
their native land and merely want the opportunity to work and prosper.

"If there was adequate work for the villagers, the exodus out would
slow to a trickle. 70% of the good farm land is under constant risk
of Azeri fire. We can’t get by on the remaining 30%," lamented Mayor
Soghoyan.

http://hetq.am/en/society/chinari/

Serge Sargsyan Will Not Yield

SERGE SARGSYAN WILL NOT YIELD

7343.html
11:46:40 – 30/03/2010

According to the former NKR minister of defense Samvel Babayan,
no agreement will be signed in connection with the NKR issue in the
upcoming couple of years. Hence, no change of government based on
this is likely in Armenia. Samvel Babayan thinks Serge Sargsyan will
not make concessions as to his statements, they are to be viewed in
a political context.

http://www.lragir.am/engsrc/country-lrahos1

Women’s Grand Prix In Nalchik, 25 Apr – 8 May 2010

WOMEN’S GRAND PRIX IN NALCHIK, 25 APR – 8 MAY 2010

Panorama.am
17:27 30/03/2010

Sport

Women’s Grand Prix is due on from April 25 to May 8 in Nalchik. Chess
players from India, China, Armenia, Georgia, Sweden, Mongolia, Turkey,
Russia and Qatar are supposed to attend the tournament. The total
number of the chess players is 12.

Russian representatives to the tournament are Kosintseva Tatiana
(IM), Kovanova Baira (WGM), Armenian representatives are Danielian
Elina (IM), Mrktchian Lilit (IM), India – Koneru Humpy (GM), China –
Yifan Hou (GM), Xue Zhao (GM), Georgia – Dzagnidze Nana (GM), Sweden
– Cramling Pia (GM), Qatar – Chen Zhu (GM), Mongolia – Batkhuyag
Munguntuul (WGM), Turkey – Yildiz Betul (WIM).

Karabakh Leader Says Security And Independence Of Karabakh Not Subje

KARABAKH LEADER SAYS SECURITY AND INDEPENDENCE OF KARABAKH NOT SUBJECT TO BARGAINING

Yerkir
29.03.2010 13:14
Yerevan

Yerevan (Yerkir) – Karabakh President Bako Sahakyan met on March 28
with Co-Chairs of the OSCE Minsk Group Robert Bradtke (USA), Yuri
Merzlyakov (Russian Federation) and Bernard Fassier (France), Central
Information Department of the Office of the NKR President reported.

Issues related to the current stage and prospects of the
Azerbaijani-Karabakh conflict settlement were discussed during the
meeting.

Sahakyan once again underlined that without the full participation
of the Artsakh Republic it would be impossible to reach final and
comprehensive settlement of the conflict.

He noted that unconstructive, militaristic approaches of Azerbaijan
and its denial of mutual confidence initiatives are the pivotal
hindrances on the way of the conflict settlement. The President
underlined that independence and security of Artsakh are not subjects
to any speculations and any attempt to bring back the past are pregnant
with unpredictable consequences.

Sahakyan reiterated Artsakh’s adherence to peaceful settlement of the
conflict within the frameworks of the Minsk Group. The co-chairs also
underlined that any scenario of military solution of the conflict is
absolutely unacceptable.

Touching upon the Armenian-Turkish relations, the President noted
that this process does not have any relations to the settlement of
the Karabakh conflict and attempts to tie up these processes cast
negative impact both processes leading them to an impasse.