Armenian leader travels to Russia despite tensions and promises economic bloc cooperation

Dec 25 2023
Associated Press
TALLINN, Estonia (AP) — Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan, whose country’s relations with Russia grew tense this year, says that when Armenia takes the rotating chairmanship of a Moscow-dominated economic alliance he will try to suppress politics obstructing regional integration. Armenia is to become the chairman country of the Eurasian Economic Union in 2024. The bloc, established in 2014, includes Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan and encourages the free movement of goods and services. Pashinyan in the past year has offended Russia by refusing to allow a Moscow-led security alliance to hold exercises in Armenia and by declining to attend an alliance summit. However, Pashiyan attended a meeting of the union’s Supreme Council in St. Petersburg on Monday.

https://www.voiceofalexandria.com/news/world/armenian-leader-travels-to-russia-despite-tensions-and-promises-economic-bloc-cooperation/article_7d3f9830-6e29-5651-8a90-c8e91549db97.html

Kidnapped Nagorno-Karabakh man appeals unlawful prison sentence in Azerbaijan

 15:05,

YEREVAN, DECEMBER 25, ARMENPRESS. Vagif Khachatryan, an elderly ethnic Armenian man from Nagorno-Karabakh who was kidnapped by Azeri border guards during his ICRC-mediated medical evacuation on July 29 and later sentenced to 15 years in prison in Azerbaijan on fabricated war crime charges, has appealed the verdict, Azerbaijani news media reported.

A preliminary hearing was held at a court of appeals in Baku on December 25.

The first court session is scheduled to take place on January 7, 2024.

Azeri authorities pressed fabricated charges against Khachatryan and jailed him in Baku.   

The Armenian foreign ministry earlier said that the arrest of the Red Cross-protected patient from Nagorno-Karabakh amounts to war crime.

Prominent lawyer Siranush Sahakyan said that the kidnapping constitutes extraordinary rendition in terms of international law and due process is therefore ruled out.

The kidnapped man’s daughter, in a plea to the UN to ensure the safe release of her father, said that all charges pressed by the Azeri prosecution are fabricated and her father is innocent.

Khachatryan’s testimony in court was even by an Azeri translator earlier in October.



https://armenpress.am/eng/news/1126882.html?fbclid=IwAR1Wqqk-aOEBOMl6Yp9ENTsa-jGkXYcK5Dz9U9i7n4zdxquIM8S0k1cP99c

Armenia’s economic activity index grows 9,4% in 11 months

 12:34,

YEREVAN, DECEMBER 25, ARMENPRESS. Armenia’s economic activity index grew 9,4% in January-November of 2023 compared to the same period of 2022, according to official data published by the Statistical Committee.

Industrial production output grew 2,1% in the 11 months.  

Construction grew 15,6%.

Trade turnover grew 24,3%, while services grew 11,1%.

The consumer price index grew 2,2%, while the industrial product price index grew 1,7%.

Energy production dropped 4,3%.

Foreign trade turnover grew 42,4% (exports grew 44,7% and imports grew 41%).

Central Bank of Armenia: exchange rates and prices of precious metals – 25-12-23

 17:11,

YEREVAN, 25 DECEMBER, ARMENPRESS. The Central Bank of Armenia informs “Armenpress” that today, 25 December, USD exchange rate down by 0.29 drams to 405.33 drams. EUR exchange rate down by 0.32 drams to 446.59 drams. Russian Ruble exchange rate down by 0.01 drams to 4.41 drams. GBP exchange rate down by 0.37 drams to 515.50 drams.

The Central Bank has set the following prices for precious metals.

Gold price down by 19.04 drams to 26606.74 drams. Silver price up by 3.35 drams to 318.75 drams.

Eurasian Economic Union signs full-scale free trade agreement with Iran

 17:24,

YEREVAN, DECEMBER 25, ARMENPRESS. The countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) have signed a full-scale free trade agreement with Iran, TASS news agency reports.

The signing took place as part of a meeting of the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council in St. Petersburg. At the ceremony, the document was signed by the Chairman of the Board of the Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC) Mikhail Myasnikovich, Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation Alexey Overchuk and Iran’s Industry, Mining, and Trade Minister Abbas Ali-Abadi. The agreement was also signed by representatives of Belarus, Armenia, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

"The agreement officially comes into force from the moment it is ratified by the member states. I think that their parliaments will not delay this process and will carry it out quickly enough," Myasnikovich told reporters after the ceremony. According to him, now the parties should carry out practical work on the formation of mechanisms for the implementation of both trade and investment provisions of the agreement.

"We made calculations: at the current level of development of relations, this will allow saving, first of all, on the payment of customs duties and payments, and here we obtain very serious amounts, which will be saved by both Russian business and Iranian business. Naturally, better opportunities will be created for entering each other’s markets," Overchuk noted. According to Abbass Ali-Abadi, the agreement creates the preconditions to develop not only trade between countries, but also tourism.

The temporary agreement on creation of a free trade zone between the EAEU and Iran was concluded on May 17, 2018 and came into force on October 27, 2019.

RFE/RL Armenian Service – 12/25/2023

                                        Monday, 


Armenia-Azerbaijan Peace Deal No Panacea, Insists Baku


Azerbaijan - Azerbaijan's Foreign Minister Jeyhun Bayramov attends a joint news 
conference with French Foreign Minister Catherine Colonna in Baku, April 27, 
2023.


An Armenian-Azerbaijani peace treaty would not end all disputes between the two 
South Caucasus states, Azerbaijani Foreign Minister Jeyhun Bayramov said over 
the weekend.

“It cannot be said that the peace treaty will ensure a 100 percent solution to 
all issues but it can lay the groundwork for the development of relations 
between Azerbaijan and Armenia,” Bayramov told Azerbaijani state television.

He did not say which issues will remain unresolved if Baku and Yerevan succeed 
in negotiating such a treaty.

One of the remaining sticking points in their discussions is how to delimit and 
demarcate the long Armenian-Azerbaijani border. Yerevan has insisted until now 
on including in the peace accord a clear delimitation mechanism that would 
commit Baku to recognizing Armenia’s international borders.

The Azerbaijani side has been reluctant to do that. It is also against using 
late Soviet-era maps for the delimitation process, an idea advanced by Armenia 
and backed by the European Union.

Hikmet Hajiyev, a top foreign policy adviser to Azerbaijani President Ilham 
Aliyev, said last week that Baku believes "the border delimitation issue should 
be kept separate from peace treaty discussions." Alen Simonian, the Armenian 
parliament speaker and a leading member of the ruling Civil Contract party, said 
that Yerevan does not object to this in principle.

Armenian opposition leaders expressed serious concern over such an arrangement, 
saying that Prime Minister Nikol Pashinian’s government is ready to make more 
concessions to Azerbaijan without securing anything in return.

Pashinian and other Armenian officials themselves suggested this summer that 
Aliyev wants to leave the door open for future territorial claims to Armenia. 
Some Armenian analysts believe this is the reason why Aliyev keeps delaying 
further negotiations mediated by the United States and the European Union.

The Azerbaijani leader said earlier this month that the peace treaty would not 
be enough to preclude another Armenian-Azerbaijani war. He demanded concrete 
safeguards against Armenian “revanchism.”




Pashinian Allies Lash Out At Karabakh Leader

        • Ruzanna Stepanian

Armenia - Samvel Shahramanian addresses protesters outside the Karabakh mission 
in Yerevan, October 20, 2023.


Armenia’s ruling party lashed out at Nagorno-Karabakh’s exiled president at the 
weekend after it emerged that he declared null and void his September 28 decree 
liquidating the self-proclaimed Nagorno-Karabakh Republic.

Samvel Shahramanian’s decree came just over a week after Azerbaijan’s military 
offensive that forced Karabakh’s small army to lay down weapons and restored 
Azerbaijani control over the region. Shahramanian said afterwards that he had to 
sign the decree in order to stop the hostilities and enable the Karabakh 
Armenians to safely flee to Armenia.

Shahramanian’s adviser Vladimir Grigorian told RFE/RL’s Armenian Service Friday 
that the Karabakh leader invalidated the controversial decree on October 19 and 
that that all senior Karabakh officials will keep performing their duties after 
January 1 without getting paid.

Shahramanian met with those officials later on Friday. He was reported to tell 
them that “there is no document in the legal framework of the Republic of 
Artsakh that mandates the dissolution of state institutions.”

Armenia’s political leadership reacted furiously to the development through 
senior lawmakers representing Prime Minister Nikol Pashinian’s Civil Contract 
party.

“Who is Samvel Shahramanian to sign a decree in Yerevan?” one of them, Artur 
Hovannisian, wrote on Facebook. “There is only one government in Armenia. Any 
attempt to challenge this will be seen as anti-state activity, outlawed and 
prompt the toughest measures from the state.”

Armenia - Deputies from the ruling Civil Contract party talk on the parliament 
floor, Yerevan, March 1, 2023.

Hovannisian went on to accuse Karabakh’s Yerevan-based leadership of “trying to 
involve Armenia in a new military provocation.”

“Those who signed Karabakh’s capitulation must be aware that any document signed 
in Yerevan regarding Karabakh has no legal force,” warned another pro-government 
lawmaker, Lilit Minasian.

Gevorg Papoyan, a deputy chairman of Pashinian’s party, labeled Shahramanian as 
a “forcibly displaced person” who is no different from the more than 100,000 
other Karabakh Armenians who took refuge in Armenia following Azerbaijan’s 
recapture of the region.

Armenian opposition representatives as well as some Karabakh figures rejected 
the harsh criticism and warnings voiced by Pashinian’s political team. Artak 
Beglarian, Karabakh’s former human rights ombudsman, dismissed the Armenian 
authorities’ implicit claims that Azerbaijan could use continued activities of 
Karabakh bodies as a pretext to attack Armenia as well.

“If you do not allow Artsakh’s state institutions and officials to represent the 
rights and interests of their people on various issues while you yourselves are 
not going to do it in terms of collective rights, then who should deal with 
those issues?” he wrote.

Armenia - Samvel Shahramanian meets other Karabakh officials in Yerevan, 
December 22, 2023.

Beglarian also clarified that contrary to what Grigorian said, Shahramanian did 
not specifically sign the October 19 decree to scrap his September 28 decision. 
He suggested that the Karabakh leader simply made clear that he had no legal 
authority to disband the unrecognized republic and its government bodies.

The Shahramanian aide resigned shortly after his interview with RFE/RL’s 
Armenian Service. He gave no clear reason for the decision, saying only that his 
comments “do not reflect any official position at this point.”

Even before those comments, Pashinian’s allies said that Karabakh government 
bodies should be dissolved. Parliament speaker Alen Simonian claimed on November 
16 that they would pose a “direct threat to Armenia’s security.”

In its December 10 statement, the Karabakh legislature balked at attempts to 
“finally close the Artsakh issue” while signaling its desire to discuss them 
with Pashinian’s government.




Pashinian Ends Boycott Of Ex-Soviet Summits

        • Shoghik Galstian

Russia - Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinian arrives in St. Petersburg, 
.


Prime Minister Nikol Pashinian flew to Saint Petersburg on Monday to meet with 
the leaders of Russia and other ex-Soviet states after boycotting their previous 
summits amid Yerevan’s rising tensions with Moscow.

Russian President Vladimir Putin hosted later in the day a meeting of the 
leaders of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU) member states. He is due to chair 
on Tuesday a separate summit of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), a 
larger and looser grouping of ex-Soviet republics.

Pashinian skipped EEU and CIS gatherings held in Kyrgyzstan in early October. He 
went on to boycott a Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) summit held 
in Belarus’s capital Minsk in late November.

Other Armenian officials have also boycotted high-level CSTO meetings held in 
recent months. One of them, parliament speaker Alen Simonian, has not ruled out 
the possibility of Armenia’s exit from Russian-led military alliance accused by 
Yerevan of not honoring its security commitments. Pashinian’s government has 
said, though, that it is not yet considering such an option.

Kyrgyzstan - The leaders of Russia and other Commonwealth of Independent States 
(CIS) countries pose for a group photo at a summit in Bishkek, October 13, 2023.

Speaking during a December 14 news conference, Putin suggested that Armenia is 
not planning to quit the CSTO and attributed Yerevan’s boycott of the 
organization to internal “processes” taking place in the South Caucasus country. 
And he again blamed Pashinian’s government for the recent Azerbaijani takeover 
of Nagorno-Karabakh and the exodus of its ethnic Armenian population. Pashinian 
hit back at Putin a few days later.

Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov indicated on Monday that the two leaders will 
meet on the sidelines of the Saint Petersburg summits. The Armenian government 
did not comment on Pashinian’s decision to attend them.

Simonian said on December 15 that Armenia should not leave the EEU or the CIS. 
He pointed to its economic dependence on Russia and described the CIS as a 
“platform for cooperation that benefits our country.”

Armen Baghdasarian, a veteran political analyst, believes that Yerevan’s current 
foreign policy is contradictory and not realistic even if Pashinian has reason 
to be unhappy with Russia and other ex-Soviet allies.

“You can’t be part of one bloc for economic reasons but see solutions to your 
security problems in another security system,” Baghdasarian told RFE/RL’s 
Armenian Service. “That’s not possible. You can’t simultaneously sit on two 
chairs.”

“Armenia has previously made such attempts and their results were disastrous,” 
he said.




Yerevan Decries ‘Attempts To Politicize’ Russian-Led Trade Bloc


Russia - President Vladimir Putin greets Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinian 
during an EEU summit, St. Petersburg, .


Prime Minister Nikol Pashinian spoke out against what he called attempts to use 
the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU) for “geopolitical” purposes when he addressed 
a summit of the leaders of the Russian-led trade bloc in Saint Petersburg on 
Monday.
Citing its founding treaty signed by Russia, Armenia and three other ex-Soviet 
states in 2013, Pashinian said that the EEU must not have a “political and 
especially geopolitical agenda.”

“We continue to regard [the EEU] as such and to develop partnership within the 
framework of our economic cooperation in this context, seeking to thwart all 
attempts to politicize Eurasian integration,” he said. “The EEU and its economic 
principles must not correlate with political ambitions.”

“The basic freedoms of trade and integration cannot and must not be limited due 
to political considerations. This would definitely lead to an erosion of the 
fundamental principles of the union,” he added during the summit hosted by 
Russian President Vladimir Putin.

Pashinian did not elaborate on his trade-related concerns voiced amid 
unprecedented tensions between his government and Moscow that have deepened 
further since beginning of September. The two sides have repeated traded 
accusations, raising questions about the future of Armenia’s traditionally close 
relationship with Russia. In the meantime, Yerevan has sought closer ties with 
the United States and the European Union.

Citing food safety concerns, a Russian government agency blocked last month the 
import of many food products from Armenia for more than a week. The 
Rosselkhoznadzor agricultural watchdog alleged a sharp increase in the presence 
of “harmful quarantined organisms” in them.

Observers believe that Moscow thus underlined its strong economic leverage 
against Armenia to warn Pashinian against further reorienting the country 
towards the West.

Russia has long been the main export market for Armenian agricultural products, 
prepared foodstuffs and alcoholic drinks. Their exports totaled roughly $960 
million in January-October 2023.

Armenia’s overall trade with Russia has skyrocketed since the Russian invasion 
of Ukraine and the resulting barrage of Western sanctions against Moscow. 
Armenian entrepreneurs have taken advantage of those sanctions, re-exporting 
various goods manufactured in Western countries to Russia. This is the main 
reason why Armenian exports to Russia tripled in 2022 and nearly doubled to $2.6 
billion in January-September 2023



Reposted on ANN/Armenian News with permission from RFE/RL
Copyright (c) 2023 Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty, Inc.
1201 Connecticut Ave., N.W. Washington DC 20036.

 

The California Courier Online, December 28, 2023

The California
Courier Online, December 28, 2023

 

1-         Court
Convicts Pashinyan Critic

            After His
Death…

            By Harut
Sassounian

            Publisher, California Courier

            www.TheCaliforniaCourier.com

2-         Armenia
Artsakh Fund Delivers $25 Million

            Of
Life-Saving Medicines to Armenia

3-         Two Arrested
for Horrific murder of 4-year-old Armenian boy in California

 

4-         Armenian
Government Critic Convicted Posthumously

 

************************************************************************************************************************************************

 

1-         Court
Convicts Pashinyan Critic

            After His
Death…

            By Harut
Sassounian

            Publisher, California Courier

            www.TheCaliforniaCourier.com

 

This week’s commentary is a lesson for all those who naively
believe what they hear or read and then pass on unsubstantiated stories to
others. By doing so, they are actually helping to spread fake news. When
someone gives you a piece of ‘news’, you should always ask, ‘what is your
source’? When the answer is: ‘I heard it from someone else,’ immediately
dismiss what was said to you. It is critical to verify what you are told in
order not to disseminate baseless rumors to others.

Those of us who are in the news business have a bigger
responsibility to be vigilant because if we do not double-check what is being
reported to us, then we become guilty of spreading fake news to thousands of
readers or viewers.

Here is an example of a news item we just heard about. A
57-year-old entertainment producer, Armen Grigoryan, who had died in Armenia, was found guilty by a judge in Armenia last
week, a year and five months after his death. Not having heard that a dead man
can be tried and convicted, I wondered whether such a thing really happened.

Since I have had long years of experience hearing all sorts
of baseless reports, I immediately contacted the late defendant’s lawyer in
Armenia, Ruben Melikian, who was kind enough to explain the circumstances of
this strange story.

Armen Grigoryan, during a street protest against the
authorities in Armenia
in May 2022, shortly before the parliamentary elections, told a reporter that
he stood by his earlier statement of April 2021 that half of Prime Minister
Nikol Pashinyan’s supporters in certain parts of the country have Turkish
blood. Naturally, this was a disparaging remark, but if a country is truly
democratic, citizens have the right to use unpleasant, even offensive words.
Nevertheless, Grigoryan had not said anything threatening, which would have
been against the law.

In May 2022, Grigoryan, a vocal critic of the regime, was
arrested and jailed for the statement he had made a year before his arrest. He
was charged with “inciting ethnic hostility.” Those accused of such a charge in
the past, had made offensive or degrading comments about other ethnic groups
living in Armenia.
However, no Armenian had been charged before with incitement after making such
remarks about fellow Armenians. For example, Pashinyan supporters, who had made
insulting comments against Artsakh Armenian refugees, have not been charged
with incitement.

On July 15, 2022, two months after his arrest, Grigoryan was
brought to court from jail to stand trial. Regrettably, in the midst of the
trial, he collapsed and died in the courtroom from a brain aneurism or stroke.

In Armenia,
when a defendant dies, his trial is discontinued. However, in this case,
according to Armenian law, the defendant’s family has the right to ask that the
trial be continued until a verdict is reached. Grigoryan’s lawyer explained
that his family wanted to see that he is exonerated, even though, due to the
presumption of innocence (innocent until proven guilty), he was merely charged,
but not convicted prior to his death. The family insisted that Grigoryan’s name
be cleared since they believe that he should have never been arrested, charged
and jailed.

The attorney told me that during the trial, after
Gregorian’s death, a government witness testified in court that he had not
written the testimony that was submitted in his name to the court. This witness
said that a government investigator had written the testimony and had told him
to sign it.

Also, a government expert, who testified in court, admitted
that Grigoryan’s words could not be considered an incitement to inter-ethnic
hostility, which means targeting members of another ethnic group. Grigoryan had
only used offensive words about his fellow Armenians, members of his own ethnic
group.

Nevertheless, last week, a year and five months after Grigoryan’s
death, the judge declared him guilty of the charge filed against him. His
lawyer told me that after the verdict is received in writing, the family has
one month to file an appeal, which they intend to do. If they lose in the court
of appeal, they will then appeal to the Court of Cassation which is a Court
that hears appeals against decisions of courts of appeal. If they fail there
too, they will then go to the European Court of Human Rights.

Having investigated the circumstances of a court in Armenia holding
a trial and finding a dead man guilty, I wanted to know if such trials had also
taken place in other countries. Surprisingly, I found several cases in ancient
and recent history when other countries held posthumous trials of defendants
and found them guilty after their death.

 

************************************************************************************************************************************************
2-         Armenia Artsakh Fund Delivers $25
Million

            Of
Life-Saving Medicines to Armenia

 

GLENDALE—On December 17,
2023, the Armenia Artsakh Fund (AAF) delivered to Armenia a very special donation of
much needed medicines valued at $25 million.

The donation consists of two types of valuable life-saving
medicines:  Bevacizumab-Awwb (Mvasi) is
for treatment of colorectal cancer; Glatiramer Acetate is an injection for
patients who suffer from Multiple Sclerosis.

“This shipment was donated by Direct Relief, a longtime
partner of AAF and supporter of Armenia.
We highly appreciate the donation and our partnership with Direct Relief,”
stated Harut Sassounian, President of AAF. 

In the past 34 years, including the shipments under its
predecessor, the United Armenian Fund, the AAF delivered to Armenia and
Artsakh a grand total of over $1 billion worth of humanitarian aid, mostly
medicines, on board 158 airlifts and 2,576 sea containers. “AAF is proud of
this unique achievement,” said Sassounian.

For more information, call the AAF office: (818) 241-8900;

 

************************************************************************************************************************************************
3-         Two Arrested for Horrific
murder of 4-year-old Armenian boy in California

 

An unspeakable tragedy occurred Friday, December 15, in the
city of Lancaster, a city in north Los Angeles County. A 4-year-old boy, Gore Adamian,
was shot and killed in front of his parents, writes Nation World News.

According to a statement from the Los Angeles County
Sheriff’s Department, at around 7:30 p.m., the couple were out grocery shopping
with their four-year-old son. They were driving along Sierra Highway with Gore in the back
seat, when another driver cut them off.

As the family slowed down, the other driver began shooting
at the Adamian family, and Gore took a number of bullets.

When shots rang out, people from nearby businesses rushed to
the Armenian family’s aid.

News reports at the time said that while none of the bullets
struck his heart, little Gore bled out before first responders could save him
because his heart continued to beat.

Two men have been arrested on suspicion of murdering the
child: 29-year-old Byron Burkhart and 27-year-old Alexandria Gentile.

Lancaster Mayor Rex Parris called what happened “the worst
form of domestic terrorism.”

“You can’t come into cities and shoot four-year-old children
… I’m not a big supporter of the death penalty. But some crimes require a
little bit more than what they give people because the situation is getting
worse,” the mayor said.

Members of Gore’s family spoke to news outlets the day of
his death and said that his mother was going in and out of consciousness, and
that his father nearly suffered a heart attack from the devastation of the
little boy’s death. The family had only been in the United
States the last several years and had moved from Glendale to Lancaster
where it would be more peaceful and safer to raise young Gore.

 

**********************************************************************************************************************************************

4-         Armenian
Government Critic Convicted Posthumously

 

(RFE/RL Armenian Service)—A vocal critic of Armenia’s
government who died during his trial last year was posthumously found guilty of
hate speech on Monday, December 18. Armen Grigorian, a well-known entertainment
producer, was arrested and indicted in May 2022 in connection with a 2021 video
in which he made disparaging comments about residents of two Armenian regions
sympathetic to the government. The National Security Service accused him of
offending their “national dignity.”

Grigorian, who for years harshly criticized Prime Minister
Nikol Pashinyan, rejected the accusations as politically motivated. Opposition
figures and other government critics also denounced the criminal proceedings
launched against him.

Grigorian, 56, collapsed in the courtroom in July 2022 as
his lawyer petitioned the presiding judge to release him from custody. He was
pronounced dead moments later.

The then human rights ombudswoman, Kristine Grigorian (no
relation to Armen), expressed outrage at the antigovernment activist’s death, saying
that he clearly did not receive adequate medical care in prison. None of the
judges or law-enforcement officials responsible for his detention were fired or
subjected to disciplinary action afterwards.

“Defendant Armen Grigorian’s guilt in committing this act
has been proven,” Mnatsakan Martirosian, a controversial judge presiding over
his trial, said in his verdict in the case. The late defendant’s lawyer, Ruben
Melikian, said he will “definitely” appeal the guilty verdict.

No government loyalists in Armenia are known to have been
prosecuted on such charges to date. Several members of the ruling Civil
Contract avoided prosecution this fall after verbally attacking ethnic Armenian
refugees from Nagorno-Karabakh taking part in anti-government rallies in Yerevan. One of them, a
village mayor, said such refugees must be stripped of government aid while
another urged the Armenian authorities to deport them from the country.

***********************************************************************************************************************************************
************************************************************************************************************************************************

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