Chess: Boy meets Beast in Reykjavik

Chessbase News, Germany
March 19 2004

Boy meets Beast in Reykjavik

19.03.2004 It was a dream pairing for the organizers. 13-year-old
Norwegian Magnus Carlsen faced legend Garry Kasparov in the first
round of this Icelandic rapid knock-out event. The result was
predictable but it was closer than you’d think. Most of the other
favorites also advanced to the second round. Report and games.

It’s been over a decade since Garry Kasparov, Nigel Short, and
Anatoly Karpov played each other in the same tournament. Now they are
reunited for four days in Iceland where they are the top attractions
at the Reykjavik Rapid. That is, the top attractions other than
13-year-old Norwegian cherub Magnus Carlsen, who is fresh-faced and
fresh off two Grandmaster norm results in two months at Corus and
Aeroflot.

Carlsen had the chance of a lifetime after the blitz tournament
pairing method left him in 15th position, meaning he had second seed
Garry Kasparov in the first round of the tournament proper! We don’t
recall another event using a tournament to determine the pairings for
a tournament, but it’s certainly more interesting than picking
ice-cubes out of a hat. Armenia’s Lev Aronian dominated the blitz,
including a win over Kasparov. Carlsen made the papers by beating
Karpov.

That was pretty much the end of the good news for the Scandinavian
participants. Denmark’s Nielsen was the only one to survive to the
second round. Carlsen pressed Kasparov with white but was held to a
draw and then smashed in the second game. The four local participants
were swept from the field, including top Icelander and former world
championship candidate Johann Hjartson, who lost to Timman. That was
the only rating upset of day one, and not much of an upset
considering Timman’s credentials.

Round one results – Thu. March 18
(Player on left has white in first game. Player in bold advances. Tie
matches go to sudden death blitz.)

Helgi Olafsson Levon Aronian 0-1 0-1
Magnus Carlsen Garry Kasparov ½-½ 0-1
Igor-Alexander Nataf Emil Sutovsky 0-1 ½-½
Margeir Petursson Alexey Dreev 0-1 ½-½
Hannes Stefansson Anatoly Karpov 1-0 0-1
Vladimir Epishin Peter Heine Nielsen 0-1 0-1
Johann Hjartarson Jan Timman 0-1 ½-½
Nigel Short Stefan Kristjansson ½-½ 1-0

Round two pairings – Fri. March 19

Nigel Short Levon Aronian
Jan Timman Garry Kasparov
Peter Heine Nielsen Emil Sutovsky
Anatoly Karpov Alexei Dreev

Karpov got through in a blitz tiebreaker but he could have ended
things earlier. The games are played with 25 minutes and a five
second increment. That is supposed to eliminate the worse of the
blunders, but then how to explain this?

Stefansson – Karpov, game 1 after 47…Qb8

48.Rc2 or 48.Qb1 would have provided the back-rank protection White
needs before winning with his passed pawns. Instead, Stefansson
blundered with 48.Rb1?? which should have allowed Karpov to escape
with a draw after 48…Rd1+ 49.Re1 Rxb1 50.Rxb1 Qd8!.

Karpov missed the draw with 48…R3d5?? and now White should give up
the a-pawn to consolidate with 49.Qc2 Rxa5 50.Ree1! and the b-pawn
should still be decisive.

But Stefansson saw and raised Karpov’s blunder with 49.Qc3??. Now
Black should actually win after 49…Rd1+ 50.Re1 Rxb1 51.Rxb1 Rd1+!
52.Rxd1 Qxb7+ 53.Kg1 Qg2 mate.

Instead, Karpov made the final blunder with 49…Rd3?? and resigned
after 50.Qc8, when there is no defense.

http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=1536

Kosovo: Violence Raises Questions About Media Responsibility

Radio Free Europe, Czech Republic
March 19 2004

Kosovo: Violence Raises Questions About Media Responsibility
By Jeremy Bransten

This week’s deadly interethnic clashes in Kosovo have raised many
questions about why the violence spread so quickly and easily across
the province. One spark seems to have come from the way local media
reported on a particular incident in the divided town of Kosovska
Mitrovica. Should the media follow special guidelines when reporting
from an ethnically charged region, and do they bear a special
responsibility for maintaining stability?

Prague, 19 March 2004 (RFE/RL) — Tensions had been simmering in
Kosovo for some time. This week, ethnic Albanians demonstrated in
several of the province’s cities over the imprisonment of a former
rebel commander, union members announced a picket over privatization
plans, and Serbs protested against the shooting and wounding on 15
March of a teenager in an incident of ethnic violence.

In this context, Kosovo television’s 16 March nighttime broadcast of
an interview with an ethnic Albanian boy was the last straw. The boy
said he had barely survived an attack by local Serbs that left at
least two other children dead. Violence between the Albanian and
Serbian communities soon flared across the province, in the worst set
of clashes since 1999.

The boy — identified as 13-year-old Fitim Veseli — said he had been
playing along the river that divides the town of Kosovska Mitrovica
into ethnic Albanian and Serbian parts on 16 March with his brother
and two friends. Veseli told Kosovo television that when two Serbs
unleashed their dogs on the group, the boys jumped into the river in
an attempt to escape and swim to the other side.

“I think it’s all a matter of tone and a matter of context. If you
only screen the boy’s story, then that becomes the whole narrative.
If you screen the boy’s story but then you also screen other people
saying that this was an isolated incident, or people calling for
peace or people giving a fuller version of the story, then you can
put it in context.”Veseli said he was the only one who managed to
ford the swift current. The bodies of his drowned brother and another
boy were later found by the authorities. The fourth boy remains
missing and is presumed dead. Veseli’s harrowing account was
broadcast repeatedly by Kosovo television, fanning outrage in the
community and helping to ignite mass violence, which has now claimed
31 lives.

UN authorities today said they are continuing to investigate the
incident. There is no doubt two children were killed, but the
circumstances in which they died still remain unclear. The UN says it
has not been able to confirm Veseli’s story.

The question therefore arises — did Kosovo television act
improperly? Should the television station have withheld its interview
with the boy — aware that its report could fuel more violence —
since it was not able to confirm all the details? Or did it act
ethically, as a purveyor of available information, nothing more and
nothing less?

Robert Gillette is the temporary media commissioner for Kosovo for
the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). The
body is responsible for licensing and overseeing local media.
Gillette met with the heads of Kosovo’s three television channels
today and asked them to provide videotapes of their broadcasts over
the past two days for detailed analysis.

Gillette told RFE/RL today from Pristina that he does not want to
pre-judge the stations’ coverage before seeing the tapes. But he said
that if the tapes reveal that the broadcasters — through their
coverage — helped to ignite interethnic violence, sanctions could be
taken against them.

Regardless of what the OSCE concludes, the larger question remains.
What responsibility does the media bare when reporting from an
ethnically charged or religiously divided region? Thomas De Waal, of
the London-based Institute for War and Peace Reporting (IWPR), told
RFE/RL that the media — when broadcasting to such regions — do have
a special duty because lives are often at stake.

“The media should be extra super vigilant in a time of crisis, and
they should apply their professional standards even more carefully,”
he said. “Even a big organization like the BBC has indirectly — not
intentionally, obviously — caused deaths. For example, in India,
when they broadcast archive footage of ethnic violence which had
happened months before between Hindus and Muslims. And people
watching it in India thought that the footage was from the same day
and went and retaliated. And people died as a result of that.”

Sometimes, local media outlets are all too aware of what is at stake,
and they fan the flames of ethnic hatred intentionally. The
best-known case in recent times was that of Rwanda’s Radio-Television
Libre des Milles Collines (Free Radio Television of the Thousand
Hills), whose broadcasters in 1994 incited ethnic Hutus to slaughter
their fellow Tutsi countrymen.

Rwanda quickly turned into a gigantic killing field, with an
estimated 800,000 people losing their lives before the carnage was
halted. Almost a decade later, in December of last year, the
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda convicted the radio
station director and sentenced him to life in prison for his role in
inciting the massacre. Two newspaper editors were also sentenced to
life and 35 years in prison, respectively. They were the first
convictions of media workers by an international court in more than
50 years.

The Rwanda case most powerfully illustrates the potential influence
of the media when it is operating in an ethnically divided
environment. In the case of Kosovo and Fitim Veseli’s testimony, what
should local television have done?

The IWPR’s De Waal said, “I think it’s all a matter of tone and a
matter of context. If you only screen the boy’s story, then that
becomes the whole narrative. If you screen the boy’s story but then
you also screen other people saying that this was an isolated
incident, or people calling for peace or people giving a fuller
version of the story, then you can put it in context.”

Dramatic personal accounts attract big audiences. Ordinary people
relate best to such stories. But De Waal says the failure of local
broadcasters to put their stories into proper context often leads to
one-sided reporting. “What often happens in these ethnic conflicts —
and one sees this in the Caucasus, particularly in Azerbaijan and
Armenia — is that one side mythologizes personal stories,” he said.
“They fill the news, and there’s absolutely no political context to
it. And I think [the importance of not doing this] has to be
inculcated into the news reporters who are reporting on things like
this.”

Aly Colon teaches ethics at the respected Poynter Institute for
journalists in the United States. He echoed De Waal’s comments. “You
can gather the information — in other words, you can take
information from witnesses who were on the scene. But I also think
it’s best to make sure that you know all the information you possibly
can gather at that time so that you can put it in some sort of
context — so that people can see it from a variety of perspectives,
to have a fuller picture of what’s going on. Just one source is only
one piece of the story — not an unimportant one, not necessarily one
that’s not factual, but you need as much detail as you can so that
people can see this in perspective,” Colon said.

NATO Secretary-General Jaap de Hoop Scheffer yesterday called on the
news media in Kosovo to exercise caution in their reporting, to avoid
fanning further hatred. “I have called on the media, as well, to show
restraint in reporting because this [violence] should stop,” he said.

NATO has increased its peacekeeping presence in the province. Despite
isolated incidents today, the situation appears to be calming down.

Writer’s mother, 94, was a little girl lost in a political upheaval

Winston Salem Journal, NC
March 19 2004

Clouds Lifted: Writer’s mother, 94, was a little girl lost in a
political upheaval

By Janice Gaston
JOURNAL REPORTER

A Long Search: Writer Thea Halo is shown at right with her mother,
Sano Halo, who was one of thousands of ethnic Greeks exiled from
their homes in Turkey in 1920. (Journal Illust. by Nicholas Weir)

Thea Halo grew up knowing that her mother’s life had been filled with
tragedy. By the time she was 10, the girl who would become known as
Sano Halo had lost everything that mattered to her.

Sano Halo, now 94, was one of thousands of ethnic Greeks driven from
their homes in Turkey in 1920. Marched through mountains and deserts
with ever-dwindling supplies, many of Halo’s fellow Greeks died. Some
dropped dead in their tracks. Her baby sister died in her arms.

By the time Sano Halo was 15, her mother and sisters were dead, and
her father and brother had disappeared. She was married off to a
45-year-old man she didn’t know.

She arrived in the United States in 1925, a teen-age bride, with
nothing left of her Greek heritage, not even the name that her
parents had given her.

Thea Halo tells her mother’s poignant story in her book, Not Even My
Name. Thea Halo, accompanied by her mother, will speak Saturday at an
Agape Celebration Luncheon at the Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church
Hellenic Center here. Proceeds from the luncheon, which begins at 11
a.m., will benefit youth programs.

When Thea Halo was growing up in New York, she could never explain
her heritage. Her parents were born in Turkey, but neither was
Turkish.

Her mother was a Pontic Greek, an ethnic group that had lived in
Turkey near the Pontic Mountains for 3,000 years. Her father was
Assyrian, a descendant of ancient people thought to be no longer in
existence. Her brothers took on the identity of Turks. Her older
sister told people that they were Egyptian and urged their mother to
do the same. She complied.

In her book, Halo wrote, “It had never occurred to any of us that in
our struggle to have an identity of our own, we had negated hers.”

Sano Halo, then known as Themia, was born in a tiny mountain village
in northern Turkey, near the Black Sea. She doesn’t remember her
family name. When she was not quite 10, soldiers came to her home and
rousted her family. In her book, Halo described what they said:

“You are to leave this place. Take with you only what you can carry.”
They marched the Greeks toward the Syrian desert, Thea Halo said by
telephone from her home in New York.

The march took place within the context of years of conflict between
the Greeks and the Turks.

“The whole history of this thing is so complicated, you could spend
your life on it,” said Bruce Kuniholm, a professor of history and
public-policy studies at Duke University. After World War I, the
Ottoman Empire, which ruled over Greece for centuries, was being
dismembered. An independence movement in the 19th century extracted
Greece from the Empire, but Greek minorities had continued to live
there.

The Treaty of Sevres, imposed on the Ottoman sultan by the Allies in
1920, awarded Greece portions of the empire in the West. But when
Greek forces invaded Turkey to take what had been awarded to them,
Kunhihom said, Turkish nationals, who opposed the sultan and the
treaty, drove the Greeks out. They also drove out the Russians,
Italians, French and eventually the British.

People like the Pontic Greeks, Kunihom said, were caught in the
complicated dynamic of a disintegrating empire, an emerging
nationalist movement and ethnic conflict between the Greeks and the
Turks.

After Sano Halo’s family passed through a town called Karabahce, her
daughter said, “they decided to run away. Two of their children had
already died on the road.”

Destitute, the family scrounged for food. Thea Halo’s grandmother,
realizing that her daughter might starve, gave her to a woman who
asked to take her in. The girl became a virtual slave to the woman,
who changed her name from Themia to a Kurdish name, Sano.

“She stayed with that woman about two years,” Thea Halo said. The
woman was so abusive that Sano Halo finally ran away. “An Armenian
family took her in,” her daughter said. “When they fled Turkey on
pain of death, they brought her with them as their daughter to
Syria.” There, her fate collided with that of Abraham Halo, who had
fled Turkey in 1905, “on pain of death,” his daughter said. He came
to the United States, married and fathered a child. The marriage
ended unhappily, and he gained custody of his son.

In 1925, he went to Aleppo, Syria, to look for a wife. One of his
relatives had a solution.

“Why don’t you marry that young girl upstairs?” the relative asked.
The decision was sealed.

On her wedding day, Sano Halo was still a child. She had not yet
begun to menstruate, and her breasts had not yet developed. The
bodice of the borrowed wedding dress that she wore sagged against her
flat chest.

When Sano Halo arrived in her new home in New York, she became an
instant stepmother to a boy of 10, a role she was ill-equipped to
play. But she quickly learned about motherhood when she began to bear
children of her own, 10 in all. She forgot the languages of her youth
and spoke nothing but English. When an injury forced her husband to
quit working when he was in his 60s, she got a job and supported the
family.

While her children were growing up, Sano Halo told them about the
tragedies of her early life, but they didn’t truly sink in.

“Parents tell their story,” Thea Halo said. “Especially when you’re
young, you have your own lives to live. You want to go
roller-skating. You hear basically the same stories over and over.”
But she realized that she needed to really hear the stories when she
decided to write a book about her mother’s past.

The idea for a book came after Thea Halo had taken her mother back to
Turkey, after nearly 70 years of exile, to look for her ancestral
home. Sano Halo had never been able to find her village on a map. In
Turkey, she found out why. The name that she remembered, Iondone, was
in dialect. The village was actually named Ayios Antonios.

Emotions ran high for both of them when they finally arrived at the
spot where Sano Halo had lived as a child.

Where 250 houses had once stood, they found nothing but a wooden
shack and empty green hills. A rectangle of wildflowers marked the
spot where the family home had been.

In her book, Thea Halo described what happened then.

“I could feel the tears welling up in my eyes for something lost,”
she wrote. “Or maybe for something found. I had a family at last,
just long enough to know they were gone.”

Thea Halo had spent most of her adult life making a living as an
artist. By telling her mother’s story, she became a writer. She has
put aside her painting and has more books in the works.

Not Even My Name, she said, has taken on a life of its own.

She started getting e-mails from people around the world. “This is
our story,” people told her. She began giving lectures and readings.
She started connecting with people who share her ethnicity.

“I was raised an American,” she said. “I had never been part of a
Greek community, an Assyrian community, an Armenian community,” she
said. “One of the things it did is bring me into the communities of
my heritage.

“It’s been a wonderful experience.”

Literature symposium deals with genocide

Lubbock On line
March 19 2004

Literature symposium deals with genocide
By RAY WESTBROOK
AVALANCHE-JOURNAL
4042.shtml

The 37th annual Comparative Literature Symposium, scheduled Thursday
through March 27 at Texas Tech, will offer sessions for the general
public.

A theme of “Memory and History: Cultural Representations of Genocide
and Displacement,” will deal with atrocities of the 20th century.

“This is the first time for this topic and the first time that we’ve
had public events specifically designed to go along with the more
academic events,” co-director Ingrid Fry said.

For the academic side, more than 60 presenters from around the world
– including Canada, Israel, France, Germany and the United States –
will discuss topics ranging from the Holocaust and displacement of
people in Europe during World War II, to the African and Armenian
genocides.

Details of the academic program are available on the symposium’s Web
site,

Events will be free, except for theater productions, which will cost
$2.

A highlight for the public will be exhibit of the paintings of Samuel
Bak that will be introduced formally at 10 a.m. March 27 in the third
floor conference room of the main library at Tech. It will open with
a lecture by Lawrence L. Langer, widely known scholar of Holocaust
representation.

The exhibit, titled “Landscapes of Jewish Experience,” will be in
place Thursday through April 13. Display hours will be 9 a.m. to 8
p.m. Monday through Friday and 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. weekends.

Bak’s paintings in the exhibit depict symbols of people amid ruins,
inanimate objects in a tragic world.

“Probably religious groups – synagogues and churches – would be
interested in seeing this exhibit and going to the main lecture,” Fry
said.

A public reading will be presented at 5 p.m. Thursday in Room 1 of
the English building by Stephen Graham Jones, English professor at
Tech. And at 7 p.m., a theater production of “America Shows Her
Colors” will be in the International Cultural Center.

Fry plans to introduce a session at 2 p.m. Friday called
“Representing a Vanished People: Samuel Bak’s Landscapes of Jewish
Experience” by Langer in English building Room 1.

A repeat of “America Shows Her Colors” will be at 7 p.m. Friday in
the International Cultural Center.

Fry said the symposium’s purpose is an exchange of ideas.

“It’s important for us to reflect upon our own world and the way we
interact with the world.”

Literature symposium

Thursday – 5 p.m., English building Room 1, public reading by Stephen
Graham Jones. Free. 742-0564.

– 7 p.m., International Cultural Center, “America Shows Her Colors.”
$2. 742-0564.

– Friday – 2 p.m., English Building Room 1, “Representing a Vanished
People: Samuel Bak’s Landscapes of Jewish Experience.” Free.
742-0564. 3:15 p.m., English building Room 1, excerpts from the drama
“Anne Frank.” Free. 742-0564. 7 p.m., International Cultural Center,
“America Shows Her Colors.” $2. 742-0564.

– Saturday – 10 a.m., Texas Tech Library Gallery, opening of Samuel
Bak Exhibition. Free. 742-0564.

[email protected] 766-8711

http://www.lubbockonline.com/stories/031904/lif_03190
www.languages.ttu/events/symposium37/.

Syrian Arabs fear Iraqi Kurd scenario

Al-Jazeera, Qatar
March 19 2004

Syrian Arabs fear Iraqi Kurd scenario

Friday 19 March 2004, 22:59 Makka Time, 19:59 GMT

Syrian Qamishli has been the home for Arab and Kurd Syrians

The unprecedented clashes between Syrian Kurds and police last week
have led Syrian Arabs to question whether Kurds in the region are
determined to follow the path of their Iraqi peers.

Syrian Arabs are accusing some Kurd countrymen of trying to give the
United States a pretext to intervene in Syria like it has done in
neighbouring Iraq.

Arabs on the streets of some Syrian cities voiced anger and dismay at
recent violence in the north of the country, saying on Friday they
believed Kurds were trying to stir up trouble.

Unacceptable statement

They also condemned statements by some Kurdish politicians seeking
statehood.

“They are trying to drag the country into a war with the Americans now
after they toppled (Iraq’s) Saddam Hussein,” said Jamal, who works at
a bakery in the northern town of Aleppo, scene of bloody clashes
between Kurds and police this week.

“The Kurds are trying to portray Syria’s (government) as if it is
another Saddam… I don’t think they are mistreated. They are like any
one of us living here.”

Syrian Kurds, who number some two million out of Syria’s 17.6 million
people, want their rights to be preserved in Syria.

Kurds and police clashed in northern Syrian cities a week ago after a
soccer match brawl in a stadium in Qamishli, near the Turkish border.
About 30 people were killed and public buildings were damaged in the
violence.

Disappointment

Human rights activists, who have defended Kurds’ calls for preserving
their identity through Kurdish-language schools and supported
citizenship demands by stateless Kurds, say the riots abused the right
to peaceful protest.

Kurds are thought to number
20 to 25 million in the Middle East

Activist Ammar Kurabi said some people who had been campaigning to
improve the lot of Kurds felt let down.

“We as opposition felt as if the Kurds deceived us. They say one thing
to us about the national unity and Syria being a home for all but
later we see them acting differently,” Kurabi said.

“At first I used to blame the authorities because they dealt with the
situation in a wrong way, but… the Kurds should not have allowed the
situation to reach this stage.”

Kurabi said violent incidents gave the United States a pretext to
“intervene in our country”.

Varying demands

Syria and Turkey have opposed any moves to strengthen Kurdish autonomy
in northern Iraq, fearing it could ignite separatist aspirations among
their own Kurdish minorities.

But Syrian Kurd demands are varied — some say they want equal rights
with fellow Syrians; a few demand statehood and others say about
200,000 stateless Kurds should be given Syrian citizenship.

“We are the sons of this country,” said Rachid Shabban of the Kurdish
Democratic Union Party in Syria, adding that “unjust” state policies
made some Kurds bitter.

“There are some people in this state that are not reading the facts
right. The world is changing and the region is changing, so the Syrian
state has to change. They have to accept others’ rights.

“We don’t want a whole change, but at least as Kurds we want to be
equal,” he said.

“They want a state? They can have this,” said Abou Salim, 70, making
an insulting gesture. “I was a civil servant for 40 years and I never
asked anyone if he was a Kurd….”

“Kurds have rights and they want them. Fair enough, everyone can ask
for more rights, but not make war for (them) and destroy the country,”
said Umm Ammar, a housewife.

More rights

Salam Alou, a Kurd in Aleppo, probably echoed the sentiments of most
Kurds when he said he wanted more rights, not a separate state.

“Syria is our land and home, but the authorities do not listen to us
or others,” he said.

Syria, an east Mediterranean state with an Arab majority, has a wide
ranging ethnic and religious mix that includes Kurds, Circassians,
Assyrians, Armenians, Muslims, Christians and Jews.

“During my military service I had Kurdish mates. We used to eat from
the same bowl and sing together at night,” said Farouq, a taxi driver,
visibly angry at the violence in the north.

“Last month I went to the wedding of one of them and I drove him and
his bride to their house in this car,” he said, banging on the
steering wheel of his yellow cab.

The crisis started last week after tensions between Arab and Kurdish
football spectators, developed into clashes. A Kurdish mob provoked
Syrian nationals when they burnt the Syrian flag and raised the
American one.

Romania-Armenian commerce and industry chamber established

ArmenPress
March 19 2004

ROMANIA-ARMENIAN COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY CHAMBER ESTABLISHED

BUCHAREST, MARCH 19, ARMENPRESS: The Romanian-Armenian commerce
and industry chamber was established lately in Bucharest at the
initiative of Varuzhan Voskanian, the chairman of the local Armenian
Union.
Addressing the meeting Armenian ambassador to Romania, Yeghishe
Sarkisian, spoke about democratic and economic reforms in Armenia and
its achievements in offering a business friendly environment and
favorable legislation.
A local lawyer, Maria Udrian, member of the Armenian Union board,
was elected chairperson of Romania-Armenia commerce and industry
chamber.

Slovenian ambassador hands credentials

ArmenPress
March 19 2004

SLOVENIAN AMBASSADOR HANDS DUPLICATES OF HER CREDENTIALS

YEREVAN, MARCH 19, ARMENPRESS: The newly appointed ambassador of
Slovenia to Armenia, Mrs. Jozefa Puhar, seated in Athens, Greece,
handed over the duplicates of her credential to deputy foreign
minister Ruben Shugarian today .
Reiterating Armenia’s commitment towards deeper integration with
European organizations, Shugarian emphasized Slovenia’s accession to
the European Union in two months and expressed his country’s
willingness to develop diverse relations with Slovenia and learn its
accession experience.
The ambassador was quoted by the foreign ministry as saying that
her country looks towards deepening ties with the South Caucasus and
Armenia in particular.

“Cultural Genocide, Turkey” exhibition slated for late April

ArmenPress
March 19 2004

‘CULTURAL GENOCIDE, TURKEY’ EXHIBITION SLATED FOR LATE APRIL

YEREVAN, MARCH 19, ARMENPRESS: A photo exhibition of destructed
Armenian cultural and architectural monuments in the territory of
modern Turkey will open in Yerevan in late April, timed with the
89-th anniversary of the 1915 genocide. Titled “Cultural Genocide,
Turkey”, it will display photos depicting the current and previous
state of hundreds of Armenian monuments in Western Armenia (now
eastern Turkey).
Samvel Karapetian, chairman of a non-governmental organization
studying Armenian architectural monuments, says the exposition is to
show the policy of Turkey, wishing to stand side by side with
civilized EU countries, towards cultural values.

Yerkir to help resettle 80 families in Karabakh

ArmenPress
March 19 2004

YERKIR TO HELP RESETTLE 80 FAMILIES IN KARABAGH

YEREVAN, MARCH 19, ARMENPRESS: Yerkir (Country) non-governmental
organization said today it has secured $400,000 in written pledges
from donors to organize resettlement of 80 Armenian families in
Nagorno Karabagh.
The organization’s declared goals are to promote resettlement of
Armenian families in Armenian frontier regions and in Karabagh and to
defend their rights, apart from maintenance of Armenian cultural and
architectural monuments in these regions. Proceeds for implementation
of these projects are raised mainly by Diaspora organizations.
Last year the organization carried out $200,000 worth projects
having resettled also two Armenian families in Karabagh.

AGBU’s Commitment to Education: Placing the MEI in Context

AGBU PRESS OFFICE
55 East 59th Street, New York, NY 10022-1112
Phone (212) 319-6383
Fax (212) 319-6507
Email [email protected]
Webpage

PRESS RELEASE
Tuesday, March 16, 2004

MELKONIAN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTE

AGBU’S COMMITMENT TO EDUCATION: PLACING MEI IN CONTEXT

***NOTE: A PDF version of this text in English and Armenian is
available for download at ***

Education has and will continue to be an important program area for
AGBU. Throughout its 98-year history, AGBU has devoted much energy,
thought, and resources to establishing educational programs that meet
the needs of Armenians throughout the world. The emphasis and priority
given to education have been essential in addressing the
organization’s overall mission: To preserve and promote the Armenian
identity and heritage through educational, cultural and humanitarian
programs. Over many decades, AGBU’s pursuit of its educational mandate
has resulted in numerous projects tailored to the specific needs of
individual communities. Such initiatives-orphanages, schools,
scholarship programs, internship programs, study-travel programs and
the like-were established as a response to the demands of the time.

One of the major strengths of AGBU has been its ability to adapt with
each Armenian generation and to establish programs driven by evolving
concerns and requirements. Whereas the promotion and preservation of
the Armenian identity may, at certain times, be appropriately served
through the establishment of schools, at other times such goals may
require the implementation of alternative programs. Education must be
viewed in the broadest of terms, beyond academia, and as an activity
for all age groups.

As AGBU approaches its Centennial, AGBU’s leadership finds itself once
again striving to address the questions of how best to meet its
mission in education, given the complexities and diverse needs of
Armenians throughout the world. What may work in the Middle East is
not necessarily the right approach for Europe; what Armenians in South
America require may be different from what is needed in North
America. In recent years, AGBU leadership has begun reevaluating the
status of its worldwide education programs to determine how best to
address the increasing challenges faced in carrying forth the many
initiatives established during the past century. In particular, the
organization is conducting an extensive evaluation of its day schools,
located in eleven countries, to determine the extent to which they
address the priorities of Armenian youth today. AGBU is identifying
current efforts that have the greatest chances of success, where the
education provided meets high quality standards and where the
economics of the setting, as well as the local population, make the
schools truly viable institutions.

Unfortunately and with regret, certain AGBU schools-similar to many
other Armenian schools throughout the Diaspora-are confronted with
declining enrollments and increasing costs. This decline is caused by
a number of factors: the integration of new generations into the
larger mainstream settings of their countries; the attraction to local
public and private non-Armenian institutions; and the belief of many
young parents that a better future for their children will be secured
by enrollment in non-Armenian schools. While AGBU lauds the many
important contributions of its academic institutions over the years
and commends what has worked well in many settings, it has become
paramount for the organization to reexamine the extent to which the
schools today fulfill AGBU’s education mission. In so doing, it will
be better positioned to make informed decisions, supporting what works
well, improving what could work better, and finding alternative
solutions for what no longer works. Historical Perspective

To shape future directions for education, it is important to
understand and reflect on the historical accomplishments of
AGBU. Three distinct periods with very different needs can be
identified.

Following its inception in 1906, AGBU’s efforts in education were
directed toward the requirements of Armenians living under Ottoman
rule. AGBU focused on the provision of grants and subsidies to schools
and orphanages in support of Armenians in their homeland. From 1909 to
1914, the Central Board of Directors established no less than 40
schools in Armenian villages and towns in Eastern Anatolia. These were
precisely the types of educational initiatives that Armenians needed,
and AGBU stepped forward with appropriate responses.

The Armenian Genocide was to change everything. Between 1915-1921,
the young organization lost one of its most important
strongholds. Gone were all the schools, orphanages, teachers and
pupils. In one tragic stroke, a decade of efforts was
eradicated. Reflecting the needs of the time once again, AGBU was
forced to mobilize quickly and relocate its educational programs to
areas where large numbers of Armenian refugees had congregated.

In the immediate aftermath of the Genocide, AGBU, while making great
efforts to supply humanitarian assistance to refugees, continued on
its vital mission to provide educational programs. Schooling for
refugee children was organized, often under tents or in the open. As
these communities gradually settled, AGBU resumed its earlier practice
of providing grants for the creation of an educational
infrastructure. Within a few short years, Armenians in the Middle
East, specifically in Syria and Lebanon, were once again able to
provide their own education to their own children in their own
institutions. These responses were made possible by the continuing
degree of relative autonomy granted to distinct and highly cohesive
minority groups, such as Armenians, within these regions. With
integration into the larger society not a prime concern among these
communities, Armenians could focus on developing and maintaining ties
to their cultural roots through such programs. Based on this same
rationale, in 1926 Garabed and Krikor Melkonian entrusted AGBU with an
institution to serve as an orphanage in Nicosia, Cyprus: the Melkonian
Educational Institute. AGBU’s concentration on the Middle East
continued into post-war Soviet period. With Armenia and Eastern Europe
under Soviet occupation, the communities of the Middle East were
considered the hope and future of an Armenian nation. Unfortunately,
starting in the 1950s, political upheavals and ensuing instability in
this region prompted Armenians in Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and
Iran to begin a new pattern of emigration. Once again, Armenians
sought refuge and the opportunity to preserve their heritage. The new
immigrants found their way to existing communities outside the Middle
East, primarily in the United States, Canada and Australia. These new
destinations provided a completely different environment for
minorities: one which invited, if not required, assimilation to a
Western socio-political culture. Gone were the days of individual
communities distinct from the indigenous population.

AGBU once again recognized and carried out an appropriate means to
respond to the needs of Armenians in these Western communities. Over
the next 35 years, AGBU expanded its fully-accredited educational
institutions. Schools in North and South America, as well as in
Australia, were established with the primary goal of providing
education consistent with the standards of the respective local
communities, while offering curriculum to promote and perpetuate the
Armenian language, culture and history.

The continuous prevailing political instability in the Middle East
region and the attraction to Western culture encouraged the further
emigration of Armenians. Today, the Armenian population in the Middle
East, while continuing to fulfill an important national and
geopolitical role, has been reduced to less than 300,000 from its peak
of over a million. Over the years, the Armenian community in Cyprus
has also been affected, reduced to less than 3,000 as a consequence of
a wave of emigration, mainly to England. In addition, the fall of the
Soviet Union and the independence of Armenia led to a further movement
of immigration into the Western Diaspora and Russia.

With Armenian communities continually displaced throughout the past
century, AGBU has adapted its responses accordingly. As we enter the
21st Century and attempt to address an even more fluid and rapidly
changing social, political and technological climate, it is important
for AGBU to reassess the effective use of its resources, in terms of
both human and financial investments.

AGBU Educational Mission Today

Today, through specific endowments and general donations, AGBU
administers or financially supports 17 AGBU day schools, 7 AGBU
Saturday schools, 3 Children’s Centers in Armenia, the American
University of Armenia, Yerevan State University and 20 non-AGBU
Armenian day schools and Saturday schools. AGBU allocations and
grants for education in over 20 countries, including university and
college scholarships, total over $5,000,000 annually.

In the United States, the Los Angeles-based AGBU Manoogian-Demirdjian
School, with an enrollment of over 950 students, runs a successful
operation on a financially self-supportive basis. It will soon benefit
from an expansion of its facilities as it seeks to serve a community
of over 500,000 Armenians. It is well recognized that greater Los
Angeles has become the most densely populated Armenian community in
the Western Diaspora and AGBU, as well as other Armenian institutions,
will appropriately devote further efforts and resources there.
Similarly, in the Detroit area, the AGBU Alex and Marie Manoogian
School (now a Charter school) has more than doubled its population to
about 375 students, and through its academic success has become a
school of choice to many parents.

In Syria, the AGBU Lazar Najarian-Calouste Gulbenkian School in Aleppo
serves about 1,600 students, accommodating a large and stable
community. Through a generous donation from the Calouste Gulbenkian
Foundation, the school recently expanded its premises to accommodate
the growing number of students who will benefit from the modern
facilities. AGBU will continue to support institutions that remain an
essential part of our heritage in selected communities.

The Lebanese and Iranian communities that have suffered from their
respective civil wars in the late 1970s and 1980s remain,
nevertheless, strongholds of Armenian life. Therefore, AGBU shall
carry on addressing the needs of its schools in these areas, but at
the same time, will examine ways to maximize the efficiency of such
operations, in light of new enrollment patterns and local conditions.

AGBU recognizes the important role of its schools in Canada and South
America and will continue monitoring closely the evolution and
development of these institutions. The Montreal, Buenos Aires and
Montevideo schools, with large numbers of students and active efforts
from the local communities, continue to receive AGBU’s support. They
will be afforded opportunities to prosper.

It is important to note that AGBU will also continue to give serious
consideration to low enrollment levels and high deficits as one of the
determinants of the long-term viability of its schools, particularly
if such institutions no longer fulfill the missions for which they
were established. AGBU believes that any elementary school with a
population of less than 120 cannot easily meet required academic and
pedagogical standards of quality education, which remain a primary
prerequisite for our support. For example, serious consideration
should be given to AGBU’s school in Athens, where enrollment for the
present year consists of 64 students, including its kindergarten, with
a current deficit of about $275,000. Likewise, our school in Sydney,
operating with about 35 students, is of serious concern to us, and we
need to consider alternative programs that could well achieve better
results for the benefit of the community at large.

We believe that some of these efforts can evolve with the assistance
of local AGBU committees, thus creating alternative and more
responsive programs, such as Saturday schools, summer camps, trips to
Armenia, internship programs and Young Professional
groups. Opportunities to merge Armenian schools in some communities
should also be explored, our priority being the survival of Armenian
education rather than the short-sighted promotion of any given
school. In so doing, our members will apply their human and financial
resources toward more productive and rewarding activities. In all
likelihood, some communities can benefit more from the development of
new programs aimed at serving a far larger population.

As for other AGBU schools not specifically mentioned above, we will
continue to do our best to resolve their challenges and issues with
the hope of a brighter future.

The Melkonian Educational Institute

At the noble initiative of the Melkonian brothers, AGBU undertook the
responsibility of MEI as one of its major responses to the
Genocide. MEI’s institutional goal was to educate and care for the
needs of orphans of the Genocide. Over the past 77 years, however, MEI
has passed through several stages of development. A review of MEI’s
history helps us to better understand its exemplary contributions in
the past, as well as the difficult challenges it has faced in recent
years.

Stages of Development

1926 through the 1960s: An Evolving Role and Purpose

During its earliest years and in consort with the Melkonian brothers’
vision, MEI met extraordinary humanitarian goals by providing refuge
to thousands of orphans left destitute on the plains of the Ottoman
Empire. As the years progressed, the Central Board of AGBU,
recognizing the difficult conditions facing Armenians who were
resettling throughout the Middle East, proceeded to expand Melkonian
from a refuge for orphans to an accredited educational institution. As
Armenians in the Middle East became more established in their
communities, MEI became focused on preparing and educating Armenian
youth who would assume leadership roles in their communities – those
who would excel in the arts, education, civic leadership and the
like. MEI prepared editors, novelists, writers, poets and teachers who
would return to their local communities to assume positions as staff
of Armenian newspapers and literary publications, as well as in
Armenian schools and other institutions in an attempt to further
develop and maintain a mainstream Armenian society within the Middle
Eastern communities. At this time, Armenian was actively spoken in
homes, at school and even at work. Armenians socialized within their
own communities and thus lived a life almost segregated from the local
non-Armenian population.

However, this wave of exclusive “Armenianism” began to change in the
1960’s when local Middle Eastern countries, which had acceded to
independence from foreign European powers less than 15 years earlier,
began taking charge and organizing themselves as national, mostly
Arab, states. This imposed a new, more integrated lifestyle for all
communities, including the Armenians. Furthermore, the establishment
of the National Baccalaureate Standards in many of those countries now
required every citizen to meet national standards for entry to local
institutions of higher education and made Arabic the basic primary
language of the national educational system. This created a new
dimension for the education of Armenian youth. Up to this time, the
Armenian population residing in these countries generally did not have
the opportunity, nor did they make an effort, to learn the local
language. Consequently, enhanced educational opportunities were made
available to Armenian students in the Diaspora. Many families chose
local elementary and secondary schools as they sought to provide their
children with the skills needed to excel in their adoptive
communities. Others still chose to move to the West seeking better
options and new lives. As a result, the number of students that MEI
was able to attract from the Middle East diminished significantly,
thereby leading the institution to its third stage of service.

The 1970s and the 1980s: Decades of Transition

In the mid-1970s, MEI experienced increasing difficulty in attracting
students and in balancing constant deficits. This was due primarily to
a vast decline of the population of potential students hailing from
the Middle East (formerly the largest student pool) and Greece. As
such, the Central Board of AGBU seriously considered and resolved in
1975 to discontinue the institution.

However, with serious commitments from MEI Alumni and MEI’s local
school Board, the Central Board opted to give MEI another chance and
reached an understanding with local management to establish a new
trial period. Under these terms, the school would have to attract
students in appropriate numbers, provide a high quality education, and
maintain an acceptable level of operational deficit.

While the overall pattern of emigration from the Middle East and
subsequently away from MEI continued, MEI was given a brief respite
during the Lebanese Civil War and the Iranian Revolution. Families
who, for one reason or another, remained in the region opted to send
their children temporarily to MEI in order to spare them the hardships
of war. In the fall of 1980, for example, 108 children from Lebanon
and Iran were enrolled at MEI (78 from Lebanon and 30 from
Iran). However, this surge in enrollment was short lived (presently
only 40 students from both countries are enrolled in the school). In
other words, if not for the Lebanese civil war and the turbulence in
Iran, MEI would not have had sufficient enrollment to warrant its
existence as a viable institution in the late 1970s.

Despite the fact that the commitments made earlier by the alumni and
School Board were not realized and in order to give MEI one more
chance to prosper, the Board set aside its concerns again in order to
continue offering a residential-based educational setting. In fact, at
this time, in the mid-1980s, the Board took further steps and
attempted to make MEI as attractive as possible by expanding the
boarding facilities of the school, adding two modern buildings with a
capacity to lodge 350-400 students. The aim of the Central Board was
to provide MEI with the infrastructure to compete with Western schools
in order to attract a new generation of Armenian students whose
parents, particularly MEI alumni, had settled in the West.

At the close of the 1980s, MEI once again faced enrollment issues as
the conflict in Lebanon subsided, and the migration to the West
resumed. Within this context, it appeared unlikely that MEI would be
able to meet the Central Board’s earlier stipulated mandates, despite
substantial levels of scholarship aid extended to students. In fact,
MEI has been unable to attract more than 200 or so boarding students
after building those new facilities, a far cry from the anticipated
350-400 enrollment. In short, aspirations that Armenians who settled
in the West would send their children to MEI, or that alumni, who
lived primarily in Western countries, would support the school either
by enrolling their own children or grandchildren or by substantially
helping the school financially proved to be unrealistic and did not
materialize. Even with qualified and dedicated administrators at the
school, and the commitment and leadership of its successive school
boards over many years, MEI was not able to regain its earlier
prominence.

The 1990s: Redefining MEI Once Again

Following the collapse of the USSR, MEI was introduced to a potential
new student pool that could rejuvenate its declining ranks. The
acceptance of students from Eastern Europe, however, brought with it a
significant demographic shift: the once homogenous and primarily
Middle Eastern student body, which shared a common history and
cultural base, now became one of unquestionable diversity. While this
diversity was celebrated, it also created issues difficult to overcome
for ensuring a homogenous education to all MEI students.

During the 1990s, MEI’s enrollment of students from Albania, Armenia,
Bulgaria, Rumania and Russia rose noticeably. In fact, throughout this
period, students from these countries represented a substantial
proportion of all enrollments. While AGBU remained enthusiastic about
this development, it also viewed it as an opportunity to evaluate the
long-term viability of this new student composition and to examine
MEI’s role within the new context of the Armenian world.

MEI Today: Student Body Demographics

In autumn 2003, MEI’s enrollment of 206 students, came from 16
countries and brought with them various backgrounds, culture and
language skills. Almost 10 percent of the current student body is
non-Armenian. The largest numbers of students come from Cyprus and
Armenia, followed by Iran and then Bulgaria, Lebanon and Greece. While
a number of students hail from Cyprus, it must be noted that the large
majority of Cypriot Armenian parents, in fact, have chosen to enroll
their children in non-Armenian institutions.

The Central Board believes strongly that over time, the post-Soviet
countries will reach their respective levels of maturity and integrate
with the customs of the Western world. The Armenians in Bulgaria,
Rumania and Russia will most likely follow the patterns of Armenians
of North America or France, rather than those of former generations in
the Middle East. Providing education for a few students will not
sufficiently serve the needs of these former Soviet era
communities. These societies will benefit more from alternative local
programs that AGBU should help initiate and develop.

In regard to students from Armenia seeking an education at MEI, who
today represent more than 20 percent of MEI’s student body, AGBU will
continue to support the educational system in Armenia in its efforts
to promote high quality education there and encourage those students
to pursue their secondary education in the homeland.

Furthermore, the number of students from Lebanon, already greatly
reduced compared to prior decades, will continue to diminish. AGBU
maintains three schools in Lebanon that satisfy the academic
requirements of the region at a far more reasonable cost, particularly
since in recent years, the aggregate population of these schools has
been reduced by more than 50 percent of their initial capacity. These
schools are prepared to educate the handful of current Melkonian
students from Lebanon.

MEI students from Cyprus are provided a government subsidy for
education tuition and do not require a boarding school setting. In
fact, the majority of students from Cyprus are currently enrolled as
day students at MEI. Certainly, these students are entitled to quality
primary and secondary education. There are three primary Armenian
schools in Cyprus and the Central Board is considering various
alternatives to secure creditable secondary education for these
Cypriot Armenians.

MEI Today: Financial Considerations

MEI’s continuing deficit levels have been taken into consideration,
but have not been the primary issue of concern throughout the
evaluation process. AGBU has, instead, focused its attention on MEI’s
recent educational performance and its current ability to fulfill a
role similar to that which it fulfilled through the late 1960s. If
MEI’s current structure provided exceptional opportunities to its
students as it had done in the past, substantial subsidization under
those circumstances would be warranted. Unfortunately, this is not the
case, in spite of the diligent efforts of committed School Board
members, the Principal and the teaching staff.

Most MEI students do not cover the costs of attending the school even
though, compared to similar institutions in the area, MEI requires a
relatively much lower financial commitment. In 2002, only 18 percent
of the MEI student body covered their costs in full, while more than
40 percent did not pay for any of the costs and another 40 percent
paid only a limited portion.

The Central Board has assessed carefully MEI’s fiscal requirements
since the 1990s. For illustration purposes, as we review MEI’s budget
for 2003-2004, some major patterns to consider include:

> Annual Operating Projected Budgeted Expenses are 1,107,200 CYP for a
total of 206 students, including 149 boarding students.

> Projected total income is 498,000 CYP, which is 45 percent of the
school’s operating costs (this includes the Cypriot Government
subsidy of 66,900 CYP, income from other AGBU scholarship funds of
42,000 CYP and tuition and fees from parents of 300,000 CYP).

> AGBU’s subsidy of 609,200 CYP supports 55 percent of the operating
costs.

It is clear from these figures that substantial external funds are
necessary to operate MEI. On average, AGBU provided a subsidy of
approximately $6,000 for each student in 2003-2004.

The Central Board has taken significant steps to assess carefully
MEI’s recent performance, the continued challenge of demographic
shifts and their affect on the make up of the student body, and
finally the financial burdens of the institution. The Board has
decided and strongly believes that the greater Armenian community as a
whole would benefit more from a reallocation of the Melkonian
Brothers’ gift in the fulfillment of its mission of the preservation
of the Armenian heritage. New projects, consistent with the vision of
the Melkonian Brothers and the mission of AGBU, will be established
both in and outside of Cyprus.

The Melkonian Brothers’ Donation

The Melkonian Brothers entrusted their resources to AGBU and therefore
the Central Board must and will honor the philanthropists by ensuring
appropriate allocation of these resources. Over the years, AGBU has
carried the great responsibility of managing over 900 permanent
endowment bequests and donations to its organization. It becomes the
fiduciary duty of the organization, through its governing body – the
Central Board – to ensure that the income from such endowments is
directed to its intended purposes, meets the mission of the
organization and adapts as necessary to address the evolving demands
of Armenians throughout the world. Over the past century, many donors
have placed their trust and confidence in AGBU to manage and direct
resources in the most prudent and beneficial way possible. AGBU’s
success in carrying out its mission in the future lies in its ability
to attract and maintain the trust of its donors. The organization
cannot and will not ignore the requests of its past donors, especially
the Melkonian Brothers who stand apart as great benefactors.

Perpetuating the Melkonian Brothers Memory

Garabed and Krikor Melkonian were extraordinary figures of their day,
possessing immeasurable foresight and philanthropic motivations on
behalf of their fellow Armenians. They remain amongst the grandest of
all benefactors of our people today. The Melkonian brothers entrusted
to AGBU the responsibility of managing and directing the proceeds of
their gift and donation toward programs that can be of the highest,
most noble and far reaching value to all Armenians. In addition to
their gift of the MEI property in 1926, Garabed Melkonian in 1930
named AGBU in his will as the sole executor and beneficiary of his
estate. AGBU, through its Central Board, assumed full responsibility
for protecting the value of their bequest by ensuring that appropriate
resources were directed to the perpetuation of our Armenian heritage
through the education and advancement of generations of young
Armenians to come.

AGBU reconfirms its long-held view that “education” is the most
valuable tool in maintaining and strengthening the Armenian presence
and identity. In our current environment, we must carefully examine
who we are trying to educate, in what cultural settings they reside,
and what it takes to build and strengthen ties to a rich and glorious
heritage. New realities create new challenges: the Armenian language
may be spoken less and less by our younger generation, yet the spirit
among our youth remains as strong as ever. We must encourage this new
generation in preserving and promoting the Armenian language and
heritage throughout the 21st Century. AGBU will also continue to
dedicate efforts to Armenians living in Armenia, as the new nation
requires considerable financial and moral support.

In assessing its educational mission, AGBU has realized that about 90
percent of young Armenians in the Diaspora are not enrolled in
Armenian schools. There are roughly 2.5 million Armenians in Diaspora
locations where AGBU is active-at least 400,000 or so are estimated to
be school-aged children. At best, we believe that only 10 percent are
enrolled in Armenian schools. Given this situation, AGBU must also
consider how to reach out to the remaining 90 percent of Armenian
youth not enrolled in Armenian schools. The Central Board strongly
believes the Melkonian Brothers would expect the AGBU leadership to
engage in such bold thinking so that its future programs would have a
significant effect on the entire Armenian community, similar to the
impact MEI had during its earlier years.

Alternative Initiatives

In addition to its existing educational and various other
groundbreaking programs, AGBU has already learned through its
experiences what it takes to attract and meet the aspirations of our
younger generation. Our Young Professionals network, summer internship
programs, summer camps, Saturday schools, evening Armenian language
classes, quality programs in the arts, lectures and publications in
foreign languages promoting the Armenian culture are making steady and
positive progress in captivating our young in unique ways. It is
essential for the advancement and evolution of Armenians in the
Diaspora to explore and establish more innovative programs throughout
the world. We must think globally and locally by creating mentoring
programs and infusing Armenian-based curriculum and extracurricular
activities in non-Armenian schools and universities. In these
fast-changing times, we must explore the great opportunities afforded
to us through modern technology, such as the Internet, and take
advantage of the vast possibilities available in Armenia such as
establishing study and travel programs for our Diasporan youth there.

While deliberating its difficult decision regarding the future of MEI,
the Central Board considered various alternative programs, designed to
reach out to a larger number of Armenians and further enhance the
purpose of the Melkonian Brothers’ gift.

The Central Board believes that one of the strongest approaches for
helping Armenians throughout the Diaspora maintain their identity and
heritage is through their relationship to Armenia. Maintaining the
Armenian language and traditions will continue to be a difficult task
as future generations become more dispersed and integrated with other
cultures. Despite these changes in our Diasporan community, Armenia
will remain the foundation bonding young Armenians to their heritage.

For example, the establishment of a large and prominent facility in
Armenia, to be known as the Melkonian Educational Center, can offer
programs for learning, enrichment and cultural identity to a large
number of young Armenians from around the world. Such a Center would
house modern facilities to accommodate hundreds of individuals at any
given time, thereby attracting our young generation in multitudes
throughout the year. By including state-of-the-art linguistics and
computer labs, offering extensive courses, and providing recreational
programs in Armenia, this Center could prove to be most beneficial in
the preservation of our heritage as it would reach out to a diverse
range of Armenians throughout the Diaspora, providing greater
immersion in the Armenian culture. This is one possibility that will
be given further serious and detailed consideration by the Central
Board.

Another option is to offer the Diaspora opportunities for education in
Armenia, such as study-abroad or exchange programs, for young
Armenians at the American University of Armenia, Yerevan State
University and other centers of higher learning.

In Cyprus, the Central Board is considering a Melkonian presence by
maintaining a Melkonian High School for the local resident community.
As well, the Central Board is exploring the establishment of a
Melkonian Center for Armenian Research and Studies.

As a token of gratitude and appreciation for the hospitality that MEI
has enjoyed for almost a century in Cyprus, other options may include
the initiation of a joint project in conjunction with local Cypriot
institutions, such as the University of Cyprus or other major European
academic institutions, for the establishment of a Center for European
& Ethnic Studies that would offer educational programs to all
Cypriots, including Armenians, under the banner of the Melkonian
Institute.

Since the fall of the Soviet Union resulted in a large demographic
shift in the Diasporan Armenian movement, attention must be given to
the needs of Armenians in Russia and Northern and Eastern Europe at
this crucial time. AGBU has been called upon to meet these challenges
and the Central Board has deemed it essential to evaluate the need for
new educational programs and centers to preserve and perpetuate the
Armenian culture, language and history amongst those living in these
regions.

In order to pursue the feasibility and implementation of these various
alternative initiatives, the AGBU Central Board will soon appoint an
advisory committee to consider any and all suggestions that might be
submitted in this regard.

* * *

The decision of the Central Board regarding the future of MEI has been
a difficult one to reach. MEI has been a concern of the Central Board
throughout the past 30 years. The public should be assured that each
and every member who has served on the Central Board throughout this
time has struggled with this issue and is aware of the seriousness
with which we have approached the matter. We recognize fully the
concerns of many, but we expect that, in time, our decision will prove
to be the correct path for the benefit of the greater community in
pursuit of our goals to maintain and perpetuate our Armenian heritage
in a fast-changing new global society.

In closing, we would like to thank all our donors, loyal members and
supportive friends for their trust in the work of AGBU for nearly a
century. We are confident that our programs will continue to enrich
the lives of Armenians throughout the world.

AGBU Central Board of Directors
New York, NY

March 16, 2004

***NOTE: A PDF version of this text in English and Armenian is
available for download at ***

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